# refAbstractsWide

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180 management units; synopses of the natural ecological and developed environments; planning, land use and other current


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management strategies, and preparation of a consultant's brief for the Phase 2 investigation.


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land. Key words: Conservation; environmental impact; habitat, lagoon, Pennington; salinity; sea defence; Wildlife


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An Introduction covering government policy on marine aggregate extraction is followed by an Environmental


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Assessment of the likely impacts of the proposed dredging. The seabed morphology and sedimentation is described, noting


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that the Solent River palaeovalley is infilled with sediment, the upper 3 m of which are sandy gravels. The


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area would be worked trialing suction dredger, creating a shallow depression. Studies of the dispersion of fine


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material returned as tailings suggest no significant impacts on and adjacent to the site. Biological communities in the


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western part of Block 395 appear to be sparse and unstable, those in the gravel-rich eastern area are comparatively


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richer and support significant fish and shellfish populations. Dredging however, will take place outside the


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main trawling and netting areas. Potentially significant impacts on the deep-draught vessel navigation channel are


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addressed by reducing the application area to remove infringement problems.


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Reports on the monitoring of a system of surveyed points, installed in 1996, along the sea front and within the built


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environment of Lyme Regis town centre Locations are determined by geomorphological conditions determined by


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previous research into coastal slope instability. Each report gives data based on GPS, OS control and Field


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Levelling, together with background on computational procedures.


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Experience gained from shingle beach renourishment schemes in southern and south-east England reveals that fine-grained


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sediment in the introduced material can lead to a more compact beach, with a lower permeability. This may lead to


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a vertical face around high water mark, reducing defence and amenity values.


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A description of the proposed scheme, east and west of Blakes Road, Felpham is set in the context of the


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alternative schemes previously proposed. Predicted environmental impacts on recreation, landscape character,


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ecology cultural and archaeological heritage, natural geomorphological processes and seaweed deposition. The


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report concludes with a consideration of planning matters and construction impacts.


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A summary of the need for, and the development, of a coastal zone management strategy for the Isle of Wight (published in


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1994). Its relationship to the SCOPAC-sponsored review of shoreline management issues is briefly covered, along with


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the relationship of the island's CZM plan with other island plans.


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An account of recent advances in landslide risk assessment in the UK, referring to analytical methods and highlighting


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some of the problems which may limit the use of this information by policy makers. Use is made of several


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examples, including the Isle of Wight Undercliff coast.


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This report is in two parts: (i) an assessment of the causes of flooding in East and West Cowes, taking into account wave


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heights, tidal elevation range and runoff from adjacent slopes. The return periods of surge conditions are


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calculated. Areas of flood risk are identified according to protection design criteria. (ii) Flood risk at Gurnard


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determined by present condition of defences, tidal range and beach morphology. In both cases, potential damage


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assessment is given together with an economic and environmental assessment of remedial options.


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This study has been borne out of the opportunity of working with Arun District Council on its Coastal Management Plan.


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Parallel to this, it presents a method of approaching coastal zone management from the point of view of effective


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communication and access of information to the general public. This is demonstrated through the analysis of the


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objectives of the Arun project, and the acquisition and selectivity of differing research methods. The study has an


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investigative role that highlights how the Local Coastal Management Plan and Public Consultation Board sheet are


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structured and presented through both textual and graphical techniques. The format of the plan, the effectiveness of


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the broad sheet and their capacity to inform and provide a base for future coastal co-ordination are also analysed.


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The study is intended as a reflection and commentary on the whole project through appointment, job definition, research,


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map presentation, broad sheet production.


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The purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate the nature of the European historical archives which are


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suitable for the assessment of the temporal occurrence and forecasting within landslides studies, using the British


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south coast as an example. The paper is based upon the British contribution to the Environment programme EPOCH,


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1991-1993. A primary requirement of a research programme on process occurrence is to determine the event frequencies on


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as many time and space scales as possible. Thus, the analysis of archives is, potentially, an essential


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preliminary to the study of the temporal occurrence of landslide events. The range of such data sources extends


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from isolated, fortuitously dated sites from the Quaternary assemblage, through inferred event impacts using


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dendrochronology or lichenometric time series to historical records of causal factors such as rainfall data and more


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recently, deliberately recorded packages of cumulative or continuous data. Most countries have extensive historical


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sources which may be of considerable value in establishing the characteristics of geomorphological processes. These


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include narrative in literature, prints and other artwork, terrestrial and aerial photographs, remote sensing series,


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newspapers, incidental statements and scientific journals and reports. There are numerous difficulties in accessing,


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extracting, organising, databasing and analysing such data because they are not usually collated for scientific use.


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Problems involve such incalculable errors as: the experience, training and conscientiousness of the observer;


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the editing and recording process; judging the validity of the data used and the haphazard nature of recorded events in


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time and space. Despite these difficulties, such data do yield a record which adds to the representative temporal


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sample at a level above some threshold reporting position. It therefore has potential for specific statistical analysis.


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An example of a reasonable temporal landslide record is the data base of the Ventnor complex on the Isle of Wight


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initially established in 1991 by Geomorphological Services Limited (GSL), now of Rendel Geotechnics, and supplemented


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by the collections of the first author. The record displays an increase in landslide events over the present century,


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due probably to increasing technology and awareness of hazard and the development of process geomorphology.


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However, the landslide record was subsequently correlated with the Ventnor precipitation series. This indicated that


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wet year sequences usually gave rise to significant landslide events. The increasing variability and number of


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rainfall events predicted by various climatic units, e.g. the Hadley Centre, may therefore indicate a fundamental increase


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Field interpretation of borehole logs, trail pits and foreshore excavations revealed the possibility of a Roman


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cliff line 25-100 m seawards of its present position. No archaeological evidence was obtained, but reference is made


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to sites in Poole Harbour and outside (e.g. Hengistbury Head) where dateable artefacts and occupation levels permit


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reconstruction of subsequent relative sea-level change. About 1 m of sea-level rise since late Iron Age times is


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suggested. The north coast of the island may preserve better evidence for more specific research.


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This is a scoping study, preliminary to the development of a full Shoreline Management Plan. It outlines all sources of


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data that have been digested and reviewed, and presents summary accounts of coastal geology; geomorphological


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processes; shoreline evolution; the biotic landscape and other features of the non-geological natural environment;


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coastal defences; the social and economic development of the coastline, and planning issues. The scope of stage 2 of


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this investigation provides a conclusion. There is a summary document (17 pp) with the same title.


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A synopsis of the beach nourishment employing beach parallel breakwaters to modify the nearshore wave climate and thus


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improve opportunities to retain shingle in a stable form and improve coastline protection. Details of feasibility study,


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physical model study, detailed design of project specifications and construction techniques are given.


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Pre-contract environmental considerations and actual environmental enhancements are covered.


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A sequence of maps, diagrams and tables to accompany written report of same title (separately abstracted). Data relates


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to specific survey measurements, integrated with pre-existing information, on vegetated areas; harbour


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bathymetry; bed-level changes; current speeds; tidal regime; wave heights; suspended sediment concentrations and


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transport, and general sedimentology. This report relates generally to whole of Portsmouth Harbour, and specifically


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to the area in the vicinity of the proposed tunnel.


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A review of the physical conditions in Portsmouth Harbour, with specific reference to the area in the vicinity of the


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proposed tunnel in the south of the Harbour. A set of recommendations for further investigations concludes a


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discussion of possible project constraints, (e.g. impact of construction works on the local environment).


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A digest of relevant foregoing literature is followed by precis of the Environmental Impact Assessment (February


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1993) attaching to the Hurst Spit Stabilisation Scheme and an HR report on Proposed Dredging of Shingles Bank (December


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1993). This is followed by an analysis of changes in the configuration of the Shingles Bank based on serial


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hydrographic charts, 1882 to 1948, and 1948 to date. The Minimum Width of the Navigation Channel, and Buoy movements,


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The concept of dynamic equilibrium has provided geomorphologists with a challenging paradigm for studying


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landform evolution but quantitative evidence for its existence has proved illusive, particularly for complex


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geomorphological systems. The authors believe that the principle has now been verified through the application of


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the 'archival photogrammetric technique' to a sequence of historical photographs spanning 50 years of process at the


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Black Ven mudslide complex in Dorset, UK. The principles and limitations of the arrival photogrammetric technique are


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described. The method is applied to oblique and vertical aerial photographs of Black Ven at five epochs, commencing


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in 1946, continuing at approximately 10 year intervals until 1988. The technique is used to generate plans, contours,


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sections and a dense and accurate digital elevation model (DEM) of the whole site at each epoch. This is used to


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generate 'DEMs of difference' and a 'distribution of slope angle' which suggest that the mudslides are in equilibrium


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despite the removal of 200,000 m3 of sediment between 1958 and 1988. Extrapolation of the slope distribution through


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time suggests that the frequency of an episodic landform change model at Black Ven may be approximately 60 years.


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An introduction to the field site and offshore breakwater scheme, and an account of field techniques (float tracking;


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current metering, electro-magnetic current sensing and wave recording) prefaces presentation of data on the inshore and


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offshore wave climate. This report details progress on an uncompleted investigation.


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An integrated and co-operative management approach has been adopted to effect protection of a 2 km frontage by shore


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parallel, offshore breakwaters. Construction of the scheme, involving eight offshore breakwaters, beach replenishment


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and a downdrift rock groyne, was completed in August 1993. Subsequent collaborative field research has focused on


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regular beach profile measurements and sediment transport. The objective of the latter has been to identify fundamental


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relationships between beach form changes and operative processes. Summarised results available to date are


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presented, with an assessment of the geomorphological impacts of the offshore breakwaters on the immediate, and


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Deepening of the shipping channel within Southampton Water will make available significant quantities of sands and


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gravels, which represent a valuable resource. This report outlines the feasibility of using this resource for beach


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recharge schemes, using or adapting schemes already under consideration by local authorities in close proximity to the


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channel, rather than opting for disposal at sea. A number of schemes are identified which between them would fully


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utilise the amount of gravels expected to be dredged. These include proposed recharges at Netley Cliff (Southampton


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Water); Lee-on-the-Solent; the open coastline of Hayling Island, and the frontage at Naish Farm, Barton-on-Sea.


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Presentation of data on particle size and chemical content of sediment samples from harbour bed along, and closely


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adjacent to, alignment of proposed tunnel between Gosport and Portsea, in Southern Portsmouth Harbour. Data on water


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Ventnor is situated largely on an ancient coastal landslip debris over the Gault clay of the south coast of the Isle of


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Wight. The series of ground movements, reflected in damage to or destruction of buildings and disturbed benchmarks,


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services and roads there over recent decades, is thought to represent the coherent reactivation of the eastern part of a


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single landslip. Its centre is suspected to lie on the axis of a gently south-eastwardly plunging syncline which meets


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the coast about one kilometre west of Ventnor pier. This report sets Ventnor in a regional geological, topographic


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and hydrological context and goes on to conclude that the reactivation is partially manmade. Water leaking from the


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mains water supply and percolating into the ground is likely to be increasing the effective natural groundwater


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infiltration in the area by about 50%. This is probably similar to the prevailing condition when the original


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landslipping is thought to have taken place some 5000 years ago. Remedial measures are crudely estimated to cost no


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more than 10 million pounds. This compares very favourably with the 100 million pounds or so value of the property on


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the reactivating slip, quite apart from the public safety aspects.


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of Selsey Bill (known as Area 395). Before the production licence can be awarded, it must be demonstrated that the


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proposed dredging would have no detrimental effect on the surrounding coastlines. In this case, the areas most likely


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to be affected are the Isle of Wight, Hayling Island and from West Wittering round to Selsey Bill. This report


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describes the numerical model study which was carried out by HR to determine whether the proposed dredging to the


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south-west of Selsey Bill could be undertaken without altering the wave climate in the region. The study showed


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that the proposed dredging would not have a significant impact on the height of waves reaching the coast. The study


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also included the calculation of the wave climate in the dredging area. Such information can be used in any later


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sediment mobility study of the region to assess whether the dredging would interrupt any possible supply of beach


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1. Internal report consisting of survey sheets itemising the character of the mainland Langstone Harbour frontage within


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the boundaries of Havant Borough Council. Details include the nature of, and crest levels, of protection structures;


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condition and residual life of structures; highest recorded astronomical tide; computed erosion rates; the material


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composition and level of beach and foreshore; and mean wave heights. 2. Survey data collected in February 1996; Report


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An introduction to the scope and principal issues is followed by a review of the processes operative in each of


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the harbours and an iteration of existing shoreline defence and protection structures. The character of the natural


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environment is considered together with existing conservation designations. Land Use and the Human


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Environment forms the concluding section. Shoreline Protection is tabulated for the entire frontage of each of


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An environmental impact assessment of Havant Borough Council's application for planning permission to remove the


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banks surrounding disused oyster lagoons at Creek Point, NW shore of Hayling Island. After reviewing the proposal


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impacts on safety, navigation, visual appearance and habitat conservation are examined. Most of the report addresses


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details of harbour ecology in the vicinity of the proposed works. In its conclusion, it is suggested there will be no


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significant temporary increase in sediment release. The removal of the rubble banks (300 m out into the harbour) may


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increase the exposure of the shore to erosion; however, some residual protection will be afforded by the retention of the


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This report presents recommendations to SCOPAC with respect to the following shoreline management issues: (1) the


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division of the SCOPAC coastline from Lyme Regis to Worthing into appropriate lengths for the development of shoreline


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management plans; 6 units are identified. (2) the selection of lead authorities for the administration of shoreline


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management studies; (3) the extent and content of the management studies, identifying aspects of each study area


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requiring specific attention. The report was commissioned by Arun District Council on behalf of SCOPAC.


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A detailed account of the preferred option for the renewed protection of a frontage which, although protected against


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severe wave action, has experienced progressive shoreline retreat and beach drawdown. The present scheme consists of


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11 rock groynes and shingle replenishment (over 2 km), extension of four slipways and the rebuilding of several


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storm water outfalls. Details and conditions of construction are outlined. This report is consistent with


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Beach Management Plan - Unit 20 - Lee-on-The-Solent (Halcrow, 1996). (The latter is not separately abstracted).


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Westminster Gravels Limited have applied for a dredging licence to obtain sand and gravel from an area of the seabed


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located in the English Channel about 13 km south-east of Sandown on the Isle of Wight and 20 km south-west of Selsey


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Bill. The application area covers an area of the seabed of just over 41 square kilometres. A numerical wave model was


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set up to cover a large part of the English Channel, including the Application Area and all locations which could


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conceivably be affected by the dredging. Three bathymetries were examined on the numerical model viz: (1) Existing bed


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topography. (2) Estimated bed topography ten years hence taking into account existing licensed dredging. (3) As for


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2 above but with maximum extraction from the Application Area 451 (St Catherine's) and also from several other


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Application Areas. The wave model concentrated on extreme wave conditions at ten particular nearshore points at


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vulnerable locations along the coastline. The results of the model showed that nearshore wave conditions would not be


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significantly altered by the proposed dredging. The seabed in the immediate vicinity of Area 451 is relatively stable,


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compared to the high mobility of nearshore banks. The transport path which crosses Area 451 runs eastwards along


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the English Channel and any material travelling over the proposed dredging site will move out of the study region;


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must of the material is probably lost from the local coastal system altogether. The proposed dredging will not have any


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significant impact upon tidal currents or on wave conditions, and is also unlikely to have any significant


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effect upon the natural movements of sediment within the region. Any changes due to dredging will be small in


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comparison with changes occurring naturally.


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This report describes the measurement of wave, tide and meteorological conditions at Lyme Regis between November


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1996 and July 1997. The measurement systems were operational for the following periods: Wave measurements 6


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November 1996 to 11 June 1997. Tidal measurements 13 November 1996 to 11 July 1997. Meteorological conditions 28


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November 1996 to 11 July 1997. This factual report presents the data collected during the deployment periods.


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The introduction provides a background to the rationale of this study. Subsequent sections give details, in review


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form, of data collection; geology and geomorphology; coastal conditions; shoreline processes and shoreline evolution; the


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natural (ecological) landscape; the developed environment; planning issues; coastal defences; study boundary


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definition, and scope of work for stage 2. Each section concludes with Recommendations for the final Shoreline


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Management Plan. Volume 2 is a folio of 24 maps and diagrams referred to in the text of Volume 1. Volume 3 is


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an elaboration of the last section of Volume 1.


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HR Wallingford was commissioned by Arun District Council (ADC), to undertake both two and three dimensional physical


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model studies of the Felpham coastline at Bognor Regis in West Sussex. The aim of the model tests was to assess and


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optimise proposed improvements to the Felpham frontage. These improvements entail: (i) a re-design of the ADC sea


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wall; (ii) placement of rock armour at the toe of the NRA sea wall, (iii) a shingle beach renourishment; (iv)


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provision of timber, rock and fishtail groynes in order to control longshore transport. The two models were applied on


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an interactive basis. The wave flume model enabled the most appropriate sea wall profiles, with respect to overtopping


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discharge, armour stability and the cross-shore behaviour of the renourished beach, to be derived. These optimum


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profiles were then tested in the three dimensional model study which allowed the optimisation of the layout of the


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beach control structures. Descriptions of the physical models, their calibration and the results obtained are given


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within this report. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations made as to the most appropriate scheme for


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the Felpham frontage. (A video illustrating the physical model tests accompanies this report).


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A 20 year record of beach profile and particle size distribution data maintained by Bournemouth Borough Council


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provides scope for assessment of the effectiveness of successive sand beach replenishment programmes. Analytical


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results indicate that each replenishment scheme has had (or should have had) a life of 12-14 years; particle size


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distribution is not central to replenishment success; a well-maintained groyne field is essential to sediment


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retention; monitoring of the beach to well below mean low water is essential, and that longer-term monitoring has


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beneficial impacts on coastal zone management generally.


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Review of scenarios of predicted sea-level rise, associated with global warming; physical impacts of these predictions


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on coastlines, and possible policy responses. Questions and answers following the presentation of this paper are given


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verbatim. Comments relate to various locations along the West Sussex Coast, particularly the harbour mouth at


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In January 1993, Sir William Halcrow and Partners were appointed by Gosport Borough Council to carry out a study of


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the beach movement at Lee-on-the-Solent and propose measures to prevent further erosion of the beaches. This report


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examines the effectiveness of the existing sea defences, reviews the historical changes of the beach and coastline,


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assesses the present and future beach movement and presents options available to stabilise and improve the beach. The


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appraisal of the coastal process involved examination of the existing defences, review of historical maps, aerial


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photographs, reports, geological data, beach surveys and collection and interpretation of data to establish wave


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climates and water levels. The historical review of beach changes revealed a process of lowering of foreshore


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attributed to the natural changes such as rise in sea level as well as sediment shortage caused by coastal protection


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measures along the coast. It was considered that the increase in water depth near the sea wall would result in


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enhancement of wave energy on the upper beach and reflection of waves from the vertical faces of the sea wall. This


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action would cause turbulence and scour at the base of the wall with subsequent removal of the entrained beach material


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offshore, exposure of the sea wall toe protection and erosion of Bracklesham Beds beneath. An inspection of the


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existing sea wall and groyne system indicated that the existing sea defences are in good condition, but due to low


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shingle, (ii) shingle beach nourishment scheme, (iii) sand beach nourishment scheme, (iv) rock revetment to the sea


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wall, (v) long rock groynes combined with beach nourishment. A budget estimate of the cost of the alternative schemes was


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prepared. Of the above options, shingle beach nourishment and long rock groynes combined with beach nourishment were


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considered to be the most suitable engineering solutions. The report concluded that these two options should be


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considered in detail, technically and economically, and refined to develop a more cost effective solution.


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This work was commissioned jointly by the Department of the Environment (DOE) and the Crown Estate in order to assist


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the assessment, planning and allocation of aggregate resources by providing information on the quality and


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quantity of potential marine sand and gravel deposits in an area off the south coast. The views expressed in this


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report are not necessarily those of the Department of the Environment or Crown Estate. The resources of marine


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aggregates have been classified on their relative proportions of gravel, sand and fines (silt and clay).


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Gravel is defined as sediment greater than 5 mm grain size, sand as sediment between 5 mm and 0.063 mm and fines as


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material less than 0.063 mm. The report describes the distribution of resources and the geological controls which


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determine their quality and quantity. Detailed survey technical and sample data are given in the Appendices.


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Seven accompanying maps at the 1:250000 scale show the bathymetry, distribution and thickness of seabed sediments,


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bedforms, solid geology, distribution of Palaeovalleys and potential aggregate resources. The report is also


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illustrated with a number of figures and photographs. The gravels and sands at seabed are of Holocene age. These rest


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either upon early Holocene or Pleistocene sediments infilling Palaeovalleys, or upon Cretaceous or Tertiary


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strata. In the west of the area, Lower Cretaceous sandstones and mudstones and Upper Cretaceous chalk are


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folded into a broad syncline orientated east-west. East of the Isle of Wight there lies a broad shallow syncline of


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Tertiary clays, silts and sands and Lower and Upper Cretaceous strata crop out in the north-east.


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Palaeovalleys, some infilled, occur cut into bedrock across the area. Most of these are overdeepened river channels cut


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during the Pleistocene glacial maxima when the sea had retreated from the area, and these include the Palaeo-Solent


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and extensions offshore of the courses of the Rivers Adur, Ouse and Cuckmere. Other Palaeovalleys, including the


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Northern Palaeovalley into which the overdeepened river channels drain, may be associated with glaciation of the


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eastern English Channel or with the cutting of the Dover Strait by the overflow of an ice-dammed lake in the southern


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North Sea. Cores recovered from the palaeovalley infill sediments were dominated by clays, silts and fine sands. A


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sample of peat was recovered and the sediments are believed to be early Holocene in age. Holocene lag gravel, present


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throughout the area resting upon bedrock or upon palaeovalley infill sediment, was formed during the marine


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transgression which followed the last glaciation. It is composed of gravels and sandy gravels in areas of strong


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tidal currents, and gravely sands and sands in more sheltered inshore areas. Under the present current regime


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the gravel clasts are not mobile, but sand and silt may be winnowed from the sediment to leave a pavement of pebbles.


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The lag gravel is locally overlain by sand bodies which are mobile under the present current regime. These occur mostly


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in the north-east and north-west in relatively sheltered nearshore waters, and are up to 20 m thick. The floor of


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this part of the English Channel is mostly covered by a lag deposit of gravel or sandy gravel; sands only occur in


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certain nearshore zones and in eastern parts of the survey area. Bedrock is exposed in some areas and the gravel lag


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is typically less than 30 cm thick, although thicker accumulations (up to 2 m) of gravely sediment have been


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proved by coring in several parts of the area. The gravels are variable in their grain size and lithological


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composition and the survey shows the existence of three distinct gravel suites comprising flint gravel,


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flint-sandstone-chalk gravel and chalk-flint gravel. The flint gravel occurs mainly in the Owers Bank and eastern


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Solent areas and is predominantly composed of brown flint of pebble size. In these areas, the deposits commonly contain


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between 40% and 70% gravel and only small amounts of fines. The flint-sandstone-chalk gravel occurs mainly offshore


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south and Southwest of the Isle of Wight and contains high proportions (usually around 25%) of sandstone, siltstone,


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mudstone, ironstone and limestone clasts derived from the underlying Lower Cretaceous bedrock. Flint is the major


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component of these gravels which also usually contain between 10 and 20% chalk clasts. The chalk-flint gravels


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are distinctly different from the other gravel types, both in their composition and grading characteristics. The


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gravels are dominated by chalk clasts and are typically of coarse size. Flint is also a major component making up at


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least 20% and sometimes over 50% of the gravel fraction. Both chalk and flint clasts are usually angular or


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subangular in shape. These gravels occur in those areas south of the Isle of Wight and offshore Beachy Head which


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are underlain by the Chalk. Shell is usually a very minor component of all gravel types except in the sandy gravels


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and gravely sands prevalent in eastern parts of the area which usually contain over 20% shell debris. Sand deposits


refAbstractLine:
are extensive in eastern parts of the area and locally in nearshore areas around the Isle of Wight and in Poole Bay.


refAbstractLine:
Here the regional tidal regime has resulted in the accumulation of sand banks or extensive sandwave fields.


refAbstractLine:
The sand is predominantly of medium grain size although finer grained sands occur locally. Both gravel lag deposits


refAbstractLine:
and sand bodies are underlain in several parts of the area by thick accumulations of sands and silty clays which infill


refAbstractLine:
some of the network of palaeovalleys extending across the eastern English Channel. The limited sample evidence


refAbstractLine:
available suggests that amounts of gravel in these sediments are very small. Although the surface sediments contain only


refAbstractLine:
very small proportions of silt and clay, the underlying bedrock and the palaeovalley sediments are locally dominated


refAbstractLine:
by clays or silty sediment. In some areas the veneer of potential aggregate resources may therefore be locally


refAbstractLine:
contaminated by the underlying muddy deposits. Access to potential resources is also locally constrained by water


refAbstractLine:
depth or by the presence of telephone cables on the seabed or by areas designated as dumping grounds.


refAbstractLine:
The overall purpose of this study is to provide an understanding of the present coastline, an assessment of its


refAbstractLine:
coastal defences, and to suggest suitable methods for managing the shoreline in the future. This involved a


refAbstractLine:
number of tasks, first providing a quantitative understanding of the waves and tides affecting the Borough's


refAbstractLine:
coastline both within Poole Bay, and inside Poole Harbour. In view of the likelihood of further Shoreline Management


refAbstractLine:
Plans being carried out for adjacent stretches of coastline, the numerical modelling necessary to define the hydraulic


refAbstractLine:
environment of the coast was deliberately extended well beyond the limit of the Borough's boundaries. Information


refAbstractLine:
on both normal and extreme wave and tidal conditions was produced and validated against previous measurements. It is


refAbstractLine:
necessary to understand how the coast has evolved and how it would develop naturally if its coastal defences were not


refAbstractLine:
maintained. Apart from an examination of the geological formation of the coastline, and its recent historical


refAbstractLine:
changes, this also involved calculations of the rates of movements of sediment along the beaches. The present state


refAbstractLine:
of the coastal defences was examined, from a functional viewpoint as well as an appraisal of their remaining life.


refAbstractLine:
This information, together with information on the land-use behind the defences, and the hydraulic and sedimentary


refAbstractLine:
processes, was used to define a number of "Management Units" for the Borough's shoreline. For each unit, the need for


refAbstractLine:
maintaining and/or improving the defences as examined. Where appropriate, possible options for the future


refAbstractLine:
management of each unit were identified and ranked according to importance, bearing in mind factors such as efficiency,


refAbstractLine:
The coastline between Shoreham and Lancing has been substantially modified by defence and protection measures.


refAbstractLine:
Protection is now a high priority for planners. A strategy has been developed which accommodates natural processes, but


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which also modifies beach response to extreme (storm) events. It is the product of widespread consultation, and


refAbstractLine:
anticipates active monitoring and management. The strategy should raise and maintain public awareness of the needs, and


refAbstractLine:
options available, for coastline defence.


refAbstractLine:
Visual survey of beaches adjacent to site of a BP exploratory drilling rig, undertaken after rig departure to


refAbstractLine:
assess success of refuse disposal protocol. The same beaches were surveyed previously at time of rig


refAbstractLine:
installation. Little litter deriving from the rig was identified, but other forms of beach litter provide some


refAbstractLine:
indirect evidence of transport by residual tidal currents and wind.


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A summary of the condition of both natural and artificial defences along the coastline of England and Wales, including


refAbstractLine:
the SCOPAC (Central South England) region. Tabulated data includes total defence lengths; changes 1995-1996; residual


refAbstractLine:
life (1996); condition classes (and changes, 1995-1996); rates of erosion for natural defences (1996), and changes


refAbstractLine:
(1995-1996); maintenance status of Class 4 defences; comparison of condition of local authority defences,


refAbstractLine:
1994-1996; comparison of residual life of local authority defences, 1994-1996; ditto for non local authority defences;


refAbstractLine:
comparison of rates of erosion of local authority and non-local authority natural defences, 1994-1996. A detailed


refAbstractLine:
tabulation of the distribution of defences, details start and end point of each structure (NGR referenced); length;


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material; condition; foreshore sediment composition; foreshore level and stability; year(s) of construction;


refAbstractLine:
residual life; responsibility for maintenance, and a Priority/Urgency ranking.


refAbstractLine:
A series of descriptions of the nature and condition of all artificially defended coastlines in Cornwall, Devon,


refAbstractLine:
Somerset and Dorset. Brief recommendations of future management/structural alterations are given. For each


refAbstractLine:
coastline sector there are Reference element reports, surveyed cross-sections and photographs.


refAbstractLine:
This study provides the foundation from which strategic management policies for the whole of the coastline between


refAbstractLine:
Pagham and the River Hamble can be developed. Emphasis is placed on developing an understanding of future coastline


refAbstractLine:
response under both a continuation of present day conditions and management policies, and under a range of future


refAbstractLine:
scenarios. These scenarios include, sea level rise, variations in mean annual wave direction and increases in


refAbstractLine:
offshore wave heights. The study made use of HR Wallingford's TELEMAC and TELURAY finite element models to


refAbstractLine:
establish the wave, tide and current conditions in the eastern Solent and in Southampton Water. Further


refAbstractLine:
computational models were used to calculate longshore sediment transport rates, offshore sediment transport


refAbstractLine:
patterns and to quantify the standard of the present day defences. In parallel with the modelling studies HR


refAbstractLine:
Wallingford also undertook a preliminary environmental assessment and benefit appraisal of the most sensitive


refAbstractLine:
coastal and harbour frontages. The studies have demonstrated the complexity of coastal processes within the


refAbstractLine:
eastern Solent and Southampton Water and their sensitivity to changes in both the tidal curve and the prevailing wave


refAbstractLine:
climate. It has also identified areas which are vulnerable to coastal erosion, overtopping or breaching, both under


refAbstractLine:
existing and potential future conditions. In order of priority, based on risk and consequence, these areas are:


refAbstractLine:
(a) Lee-on-the-Solent (b) Southampton Road, Portsmouth Harbour (c) Solent Breezes (d) Salterns Park to Hill Head


refAbstractLine:
Road. Options for improving the defences in all of these areas should be considered. Within such a complex area good


refAbstractLine:
quality data is essential for validation for computational models and for investigating damage events under specific


refAbstractLine:
storms. It is therefore recommended that an anemometer should be installed and permanently maintained at Selsey


refAbstractLine:
Bill to provide reliable coverage of the eastern Solent. Consideration should also be given to the provision of a


refAbstractLine:
tide gauge at Selsey and the installation of a wave rider buoy within the general study area.


refAbstractLine:
Description and evaluation of the biological characteristics of three National Trust properties, viz Needles Headland;


refAbstractLine:
West High Down and Tennyson Down. Brief details of the coastal geomorphology are given, including recreational


refAbstractLine:
A biological description and evaluation of six separate but co-extensively managed National Trust properties on the


refAbstractLine:
western Wight coast. Salient characteristics of cliff geology and morphology are summarised.


refAbstractLine:
A Biological Description and Evaluation, prefaced by a brief summary of dune and saltmarsh morphology.


refAbstractLine:
An internal report that describes the general environment and gives details of a full archaeological inventory of the


refAbstractLine:
island. Certain coastal sites are threatened by erosion. There is a site inventory, and a summary of management


refAbstractLine:
A biological/ecological inventory, but including a brief review of geomorphic forms. Aspects of recreational use,


refAbstractLine:
and an overview of present management, are included.


refAbstractLine:
An account of apparent anomalies between predicted tidal regime, derived from Admiralty Tide Tables, and field


refAbstractLine:
observations. Some explanations are advanced, especially the effect of tidal refraction and an independent


refAbstractLine:
shallow-water tide that delays the timing of high water. Anomalies relate only to flood tide; the ebb appears to


refAbstractLine:
HR Wallingford was commissioned by New Forest District Council to undertake a three dimensional physical model


refAbstractLine:
study of the Naish Beach frontage. The model, built at a geometric scale of 1:80, reproduced approximately 1.7 km of


refAbstractLine:
the coastline. The coastline is presently comprised of soft cliffs fronted by a mainly sandy beach. The cliffs are


refAbstractLine:
rapidly eroding due to wave action and ground water processes thus endangering the long term viability of the


refAbstractLine:
holiday village sited at the top of the cliffs. The cliffs form part of an internationally important geological Site of


refAbstractLine:
Special Scientific Interest. It is environmentally unacceptable to construct coastal engineering works that


refAbstractLine:
will prevent further cliff erosion. The aim of this study was to devise a suitable means of reducing, but not totally


refAbstractLine:
A descriptive and analytical account of coastal processes for each of the units, or sub-cells, of the "macro" cells


refAbstractLine:
defined for this frontage. Major topics covered are coastal geology and general geomorphology; littoral transport


refAbstractLine:
regime; historical shoreline change; issues (specifically reclamation, saltmarsh erosion and sea-level rise), and


refAbstractLine:
offshore characteristics. Detailed maps of each sub-cell are presented. Succeeding chapters provide a general


refAbstractLine:
account of the natural environment of the coast, emphasising conservation designations; land use and the human and built


refAbstractLine:
environments, and coastal defences. The latter is a factual summary of existing defences, by unit, with accompanying


refAbstractLine:
statistical tables and maps, together with an assessment of condition. Beach cross-sections are presented as an


refAbstractLine:
Introduction and use of the structure and definitions of the plan are followed by a statement of Management Strategy for


refAbstractLine:
the major subcell units, viz: Christchurch Bay, West Solent, Southampton Water west and east, Rivers Test, Itchen and


refAbstractLine:
Hamble frontages. A chapter is devoted to each, covering coastal processes; natural environment; land use and the


refAbstractLine:
human and built environments, and key shoreline management issues. Process Unit and Management Unit strategies for


refAbstractLine:
each sub-section of each spatial unit are attached. The concluding chapter addresses future development.


refAbstractLine:
A series of physical model tests have been undertaken for the New Forest District Council. The model, constructed in


refAbstractLine:
a wave flume at a scale of l:20, investigated the existing and proposed coast protection schemes at Hurst Castle,


refAbstractLine:
Hampshire, for a wide range of wave and water level conditions. The existing sea defences are comprised of


refAbstractLine:
zigzag timber breastworks designed to retain shingle in front of the castle walls. It is proposed to upgrade this


refAbstractLine:
structure by constructing a 1:2.5 rock revetment along the line of the breastworks.


refAbstractLine:
A concise description of the physical environment of the six "macro" units of the Isle of Wight prefaces a short account


refAbstractLine:
of the consultation process and a longer, detailed analytical section on coastal processes and morphodynamic


refAbstractLine:
forms for each unit. Succeeding sections cover the natural environment of the island's coastline (principally its


refAbstractLine:
biological character); land use and the human/built environment, and a description and assessment of existing


refAbstractLine:
coastal defences. Appendix C includes data on beach sediments. Each section of the report consists of linked


refAbstractLine:
The prime content involves a statement of Management Strategy for each of the 6 "macro" units of the island's


refAbstractLine:
coastal zone. In each case, process unit limits are defined and followed by a review of Coastal Processes


refAbstractLine:
(Geology/Geomorphology; Littoral Environment and Shoreline Evolution); The Natural Environment (Nature Conservation


refAbstractLine:
Building Environment. This is followed by Management Strategies for each of the defined sub-divisions of each


refAbstractLine:
Unit, accompanied by detailed maps. The concluding chapter addresses Future Development, covering Existing and Future


refAbstractLine:
Monitoring of Beaches, Wave and Water Level Conditions and Condition of Defences; Further Studies and Data


refAbstractLine:
Requirements; Stage 3 Development, and Review and Updating of the Shoreline/Management Plan.


refAbstractLine:
The 'Raw Data' archive held by Havant Borough Council includes (1) One year of near continuous data on specific


refAbstractLine:
wave heights and wave periods, 1996-97, obtained from Hayling Bay wave-rider buoy. (2) Tidal levels at 10 minute


refAbstractLine:
intervals, together with predicted data, starting in September 1995 (continuing archive). (3) Wind speed and


refAbstractLine:
direction; Barometric Pressure, starting in April 1995 Daily records (continuing archive). (4) Hydrographic survey data


refAbstractLine:
at non specific intervals, 1976-present. (Continuing archive). Covering Hayling Bay and parts of Langstone and


refAbstractLine:
Chichester Harbours. (5) Beach Profile data, south Hayling beach, 1975-present. (Continuing Archive).


refAbstractLine:
An application has been made to the Crown Estate for dredging sand and gravel from the seabed between Selsey Bill


refAbstractLine:
and the Isle of Wight in Area 395. As part of the consultation procedure HR Wallingford carried out a wave


refAbstractLine:
refraction study in 1992, which showed that dredging in this area would have no impact on waves reaching the adjacent


refAbstractLine:
coasts. A further study has now been made, which assesses the possible impacts of dredging on sediment transport


refAbstractLine:
processes in the area and draws conclusions about the feasibility of dredging in the manner proposed by the


refAbstractLine:
The present report is concerned with Phase I of the study, which attempts to: review the existing relevant data sets;


refAbstractLine:
assess the beach monitoring methods used for the region; analyse long-term beach changes (and the concept of "beach


refAbstractLine:
steepening"); determine offshore sediment transport rates and annual discharges, for a number of representative stations;


refAbstractLine:
and establish the relationship between beach changes and nearshore and offshore sediment movement, on the basis of


refAbstractLine:
the "equilibrium beach profile" theory. Existing data sets for hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics for the SCOPAC


refAbstractLine:
region include: grain size data for more than 6000 seabed sediment samples; records of side-scan sonar and sub-bottom


refAbstractLine:
profiler surveys, with a relatively high coverage for the shallow waters; more than 250 sheets of historical charts;


refAbstractLine:
long-term time-series of tidal current velocity data for around 40 offshore stations, together with a number of


refAbstractLine:
short-term (tidal cycle) measurements; wave data from 15 stations, together with hindcast data for a number of


refAbstractLine:
locations; and around 360 beach profiles, monitored on the basis of field surveys, including the data for Poole and


refAbstractLine:
Christchurch Bays (which cover an extended period of time and extend into the offshore waters). Beach changes


refAbstractLine:
identified show that erosion is taking place along some of the SCOPAC coastlines. Storm events intensify further the


refAbstractLine:
coastal erosion. Theoretical and statistical analyses of beach slope, in relation to erosion/accretion, indicate that


refAbstractLine:
beach steepening is not necessarily associated with coastal erosion. Hence, "beach steepening" is not a valid concept;


refAbstractLine:
it should be replaced by "beach narrowing", which results from a combination of coastal erosion and the presence of


refAbstractLine:
coastal defence works. For the SCOPAC coastlines, most of the existing beach profile data sets are limited in terms of


refAbstractLine:
their "scheme specific" character. Thus, it is recommended that: combined topographic/hydrographic surveys should be


refAbstractLine:
undertaken, using a constant origin and bearing system; the spatial interval of the beach profiles should be determined


refAbstractLine:
on the basis of the morphology, continuity of the coastline and the presence of groyne systems; and the beach profiles


refAbstractLine:
should be surveyed at least every 6 months, in order to monitor seasonal and longer-term changes, together with


refAbstractLine:
additional surveys immediately following storm events. Sediment transport rates and discharges calculated for a


refAbstractLine:
number of offshore stations show that: the rates are much higher for the shallow water stations, than those for the


refAbstractLine:
deep water stations; wave-induced currents enhance the transport rate significantly; asymmetry in the transport


refAbstractLine:
rate is present, with the rate being greater during the ebb tidal phases than during the flood phases in the shallow


refAbstractLine:
water areas, but smaller during the ebb than during the flood at deeper water stations; the relatively low sediment


refAbstractLine:
mobility over the deeper water areas does not imply that the region is hydrodynamically inactive (if the seabed sediment


refAbstractLine:
is replaced by sandy material, then the sediment transport rate will be high); and the addition of waves, in


refAbstractLine:
combination with a particular time-asymmetry in the tidal currents, may reverse net transport directions due tidal


refAbstractLine:
currents alone, as observed at two stations within the East Solent. A relationship between the coastal profile


refAbstractLine:
evolution and sediment movement is established on the basis of the "equilibrium" theory. The following two types of


refAbstractLine:
equilibrium exist: static equilibrium, which is associated with the conditions there is no net sediment transport in


refAbstractLine:
both longshore and cross-shore directions and, under such conditions, a coastal profile with stable position and shape


refAbstractLine:
will be formed; and dynamic equilibrium, which results from non-zero net longshore sediment transport - in this


refAbstractLine:
situation, the position of the coastline is unstable, with the only exception being that the longshore transport rate


refAbstractLine:
'Design with nature' is one of the principles in coastal management practice. This study suggests that the stability


refAbstractLine:
of natural systems can be used as a criterion in implementing the principle in physical aspects. The


refAbstractLine:
criterion implies two requirements: (1) for any characteristics associated with equilibrium, human


refAbstractLine:
activities should not destruct the mechanisms which maintain the equilibrium state; and (2) for the characteristics which


refAbstractLine:
change constantly within the coastal system, the rate of changes caused by artificial activities, in addition to the


refAbstractLine:
natural changes, should be of the same order of magnitude as the original, long-term natural rate of evolution. Two


refAbstractLine:
examples are described, to demonstrate how these criteria are used. For a quay reconstruction scheme at the entrance


refAbstractLine:
to Christchurch Harbour associated with a tidal inlet system, an analysis shows that the planned changes will not


refAbstractLine:
disturb the equilibrium cross-sectional area of the inlet and the modification of the ebb tidal delta is small


refAbstractLine:
compared with the historical, natural changes. Therefore, such a scheme has been considered as environmentally


refAbstractLine:
feasible. For the dredging of sandbanks, within an estuarine system, a maximum feasible output for sand


refAbstractLine:
extraction on the sandbanks is defined. Thus, intended aggregate outputs should be considered against such limits.


refAbstractLine:
Net and directionally-related mean sediment transport rates have been calculated for two stations within an estuarine


refAbstractLine:
system, using self-recording current meter and wave data. Analysis of the data set shows that: (1) because the


refAbstractLine:
relationship between sediment transport rate and near-bed current velocity is non-linear, the direction of net


refAbstractLine:
sediment transport may differ significantly from, or oppose, that of the near-bed residual current velocity; (2) in


refAbstractLine:
response to rotatory tidal currents and increasing wave action, net transport rates may remain unchanged - hence, it


refAbstractLine:
is the directionally-related mean transport rates (rather than the net transport rate itself) which should be used to


refAbstractLine:
describe the mobility of seabed sediments (such an observation implies that the time-scale on which the net


refAbstractLine:
sediment transport rate is meaningful is controlled by the time-scale on which changes in seabed morphology take


refAbstractLine:
place); and (3) under the influence of a combination of wave action and time-asymmetry of the tidal currents, changes in


refAbstractLine:
the direction of net transport rates may occur, implying that net transport during calm periods may reverse during


refAbstractLine:
A series of reports of similar format concerned with condition surveys of existing coastal defence and protection


refAbstractLine:
structures and the immediate built environment. Some are photographic records only. Most (thus far) relate to Marine


refAbstractLine:
A review of current physical and biological processes, and how these have changed during the Holocene and historical


refAbstractLine:
periods. Potential changes arising from varying process rates, e.g. wave climates and relative sea-level rise, are


refAbstractLine:
evaluated in the context of the harbour's conservation value. The sections on physical processes cover the


refAbstractLine:
nearshore seabed morphology and sedimentology; beach and spit morphodynamics; external wave climate; tidal regime and


refAbstractLine:
current velocities; longshore sediment transport on adjacent beaches; sediment flux within the harbour; harbour sediment


refAbstractLine:
budget, intertidal mudflat morphology, ecology and accretion rates; Holocene sedimentation rates, including evidence of


refAbstractLine:
accretion occurring at a rate similar to sea-level rise over at least the past 85 years. Pagham appears to be


refAbstractLine:
stratigraphically distinct from other south coast tidal marsh areas, though recent erosion confirms the regional


refAbstractLine:
pattern. The existing, saltmarsh community structure and spatial plan is reviewed, and its capacity to respond to


refAbstractLine:
process change is evaluated. The retreat of the harbour coastline, assuming a relative sea-level rise of 42 cm by


refAbstractLine:
2070 AC, is calculated, assuming no coastal protection works are undertaken. Future management must balance biophysical


refAbstractLine:
and anthropogenic forcing factors, based on strategic decisions on the conservation value of Pagham Harbour.


refAbstractLine:
These reports describe proposed works to contain overland flow through Alum Chine, and to restore the site following


refAbstractLine:
exceptional runoff in late 1993/early 1994. The design of the works incorporates reduction of risk from excessive


refAbstractLine:
future erosion. (Both reports are 'Commercial in Confidence', and further details cannot be disclosed without


refAbstractLine:
Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick have been commissioned to complete the design of a beach nourishment scheme for improving sea


refAbstractLine:
defences at Preston Beach Road, Weymouth. This report reviews the work undertaken by Posford Duvivier, to


refAbstractLine:
ascertain whether the choice of scheme is the most appropriate for the site. A detailed review of calculations


refAbstractLine:
has not been undertaken, as these will be superseded by further work. It is concluded that a beach nourishment


refAbstractLine:
scheme is the most appropriate to the site, that it is technically sound and unlikely to have significant adverse


refAbstractLine:
environmental effects. The performance of the existing defences and the selection of the new defence standard


refAbstractLine:
requires further investigation to ensure consistent justification of the scheme. It is recommended that the


refAbstractLine:
implications for the study site of continuing coastal retreat at the adjacent frontage of Overcombe-Bowleaze Cove


refAbstractLine:
A brief factual report on an investigation of the geotechnical properties of surface and near surface rock


refAbstractLine:
materials at the site of a proposed coastal protection scheme. Details of index properties; unconfined compression


refAbstractLine:
tests, and ring shear tests are given. In addition, details of borehole records (and accompanying explanatory notes) are


refAbstractLine:
Summary of a lecture, in two parts. The first part is a general discussion of the morphodynamics of beaches; the


refAbstractLine:
second provides a digest of the approaches adopted and research conclusions reached, by the HR/University of


refAbstractLine:
Southampton South Coast Seabed Mobility Study, Report EX 2795 (separately abstracted). Discussion points following


refAbstractLine:
A detailed radionuclide and Geochemical study has been carried out on recent sediments from the Solent estuarine


refAbstractLine:
system, Southern England. The vertical distributions of a series of radionuclides (210 Pb, 137 Cs, 238 Pu, 239, 240


refAbstractLine:
Pu, 241 Am and 60 Co) have been examined which provide a measure of the rate of sediment accumulation in Southern


refAbstractLine:
England estuaries. The reliable use of radionuclides as indicators of sediment accumulation depends in part on their


refAbstractLine:
chemical immobility (lack of redox migration). 60 Co, in particular, shows evidence for redox mobilisation, hence it


refAbstractLine:
is essential to use a number of chemically different or inert radionuclides to eliminate possible bias in calculated


refAbstractLine:
sediment accumulation rates. While local (intra-estuary) effects influence rates of sediment accumulation, the main


refAbstractLine:
control of vertical saltmarsh growth over the Solent area is a rise in mean sea level. Dating of saltmarsh cores


refAbstractLine:
indicates a 4-5 mm year -1 rise in relative sea level over the last 100 years, in good agreement with tide gauge data.


refAbstractLine:
Comparison with data from the literature implies that a recent acceleration in sea-level rise has occurred, from 1.2


refAbstractLine:
mm year -1 to 4-5.5 mm year -1, possibly due to changes in tidal regime or an acceleration in crustal subsidence.


refAbstractLine:
This report presents field monitoring studies carried out by a team of researchers from the Universities of Southampton


refAbstractLine:
and Portsmouth, with assistance from the University of Brighton. The report is separated into two volumes. Volume


refAbstractLine:
1 presents a study led by the University of Portsmouth that investigated the relationships between wave conditions and


refAbstractLine:
beach response in the presence of the detached breakwater scheme at Elmer, West Sussex. Field work involved aluminium


refAbstractLine:
and fluorescent tracers, sediment traps, topographic surveys of beach morphology and continuous nearshore wave


refAbstractLine:
monitoring. This work built on an existing programme investigating the long term performance of the breakwater


refAbstractLine:
scheme. The study proved the success of the measurement techniques, except for the traps, and produced a number of


refAbstractLine:
results showing the influence of the breakwaters under a range of wave and water level conditions. Volume 2 presents


refAbstractLine:
work led by the University of Southampton based on field studies on the open beach at Shoreham, West Sussex. The


refAbstractLine:
aims were to assess the field performance of aluminium and electronic tracer pebbles and sediment traps, to measure


refAbstractLine:
beach response to a range of wave conditions, to determine the vertical and horizontal distribution of sediment


refAbstractLine:
transport within the upper beach and to develop a new approach to assessing morphological change and forcing


refAbstractLine:
processes using all of the available field data. The field data collected has not yet been fully analysed but


refAbstractLine:
representative elements are presented and discussed. The volume concludes that both electronic and aluminium tracers


refAbstractLine:
have important uses in a beach study, with each having different strengths and weaknesses. As with Volume 1, the


refAbstractLine:
sediment traps in their present form and method of deployment were found to be ineffective. The distribution


refAbstractLine:
and rates of transport under different sea states were investigated, but no predictive techniques have yet evolved.


refAbstractLine:
The analysis of shingle transport through the synthesis of all field data into a 3-D model is also still in its


refAbstractLine:
A brief synopsis of the morphological and ecological character of Studland dunes and the development of the South


refAbstractLine:
Haven peninsula over recent centuries. The beach and dunes are subject to heavy recreational pressure creating problems


refAbstractLine:
of habitat protection and physical erosion due to trampling; natural, wave-induced, erosion is also occurring. The


refAbstractLine:
management of access, visitor intensity pressure and facilities vis a vis the natural environment is debated.


refAbstractLine:
An historical review of past geological studies in Ringstead Bay and environs, followed by detailed description of


refAbstractLine:
constituent lithological units; their lateral variations and composite lithological logs for study section; outcrop


refAbstractLine:
profiles and extent of foreshore outcrop; structural elements, and impact of proposed coastal protection works on


refAbstractLine:
geological research in Ringstead Bay. Appendix 1 contains lithology and weathering profiles for individual localities,


refAbstractLine:
and Appendix 2 is a photographic record of cliff profile sections.


refAbstractLine:
A review of the context for conservation-based or biased coastal zone management, and of information requirements for


refAbstractLine:
appropriate decision-making. The numerous complexities involved in translating data into forms useful to managers


refAbstractLine:
are outlined and exemplified by a physical background study of Pagham Harbour, West Sussex. The latter is viewed as


refAbstractLine:
essential to discussion of management options.


refAbstractLine:
Chapter 8 uses examples of cost: benefit analysis applied to ecological management with and without coast protection from


refAbstractLine:
Christchurch Harbour and Hengistbury Head.


refAbstractLine:
Edited verbatim accounts of six seminar meetings held at Bognor in 1993, summarised by responses to the substance and


refAbstractLine:
conclusions of the meetings. The principal focus of the contributions is the present and future integrity of the


refAbstractLine:
coastal defences of the West Sussex coastline, involving issues such as beach sediment stability, sea-level rise and


refAbstractLine:
the performance of coastal protection structures. Discussion points frequently emphasise the need for an integrated


refAbstractLine:
approach. (Each of the chapters are separately abstracted).


refAbstractLine:
Brief summary of the salient points of a foregoing series of lectures, followed by points made in subsequent sessions


refAbstractLine:
devoted to discussion. Points raised include sediment movement off Selsey; impacts of dredging; shoreline


refAbstractLine:
management reform; groynes; public relations and public perceptions of coastal hazards.


refAbstractLine:
Lateral grading of beach sediments can be achieved by downdrift attrition and/or longshore drifting. Chesil Beach


refAbstractLine:
(England) is graded from small to large pebbles and cobbles south-eastward in the direction of increasing wave energy.


refAbstractLine:
Attrition is very slow, and grading seems to have been achieved by alternations of longshore drifting, with


refAbstractLine:
selection of coarser from finer particles by the stronger south-eastward movement. Wave energy gradients may have


refAbstractLine:
contributed by moving smaller particles westward, and by conserving the lateral gradation. Hawke Bay beach (New


refAbstractLine:
Zealand) is graded in the reverse direction. It is fed with sand and gravel by the Mohaka River, near the western end,


refAbstractLine:
and lateral grading has been attributed to downdrift attrition eastward. Longshore sorting has probably also


refAbstractLine:
contributed, and a method of separating attrition from sorting is proposed. The two systems are compared as a


refAbstractLine:
basis for elucidating the causes of lateral drifting, which can evidently develop in different ways.


refAbstractLine:
General Geological and Geomorphological site. Description is followed by an account of data collection. This covers


refAbstractLine:
aerial photography, Ordnance Survey maps and plans, geological maps and other data; beach sediment transport;


refAbstractLine:
coastal slope erosion processes and rates, and tidal data. The problem, that of localised slope failure, is outlined,


refAbstractLine:
followed by a review of coastal protection options and recommendations for further work. Options include groups,


refAbstractLine:
seawalls, offshore breakwaters, rock armouring and beach replenishment.


refAbstractLine:
Site description and site history is followed by a review of the lithostratigraphy and geological structure of the


refAbstractLine:
locality based on previously published work and on borehole samples undertaken for this project. Ground (Geotechnical)


refAbstractLine:
and Failure Conditions are outlined, the latter covering shallow mudslides; translational slides; spalling and chine


refAbstractLine:
development. Slope stability analysis briefly prefaces a review of remedial options, covering toe loading, cliff


refAbstractLine:
slope drainage; hinterland/catchment drainage; rock anchoring, shotcreting; soil nailing; mesh; lime


refAbstractLine:
stabilisation, and replacement of in situ material with a free-draining granular soil. The report concludes with


refAbstractLine:
estimates of shoreline retreat rates based on documentary evidence (including air photographs) and a preliminary


refAbstractLine:
Brief summary of results of data collection for the site, which has been affected by a series of landslips. Data


refAbstractLine:
covered includes aerial photography, Ordnance Survey maps and plans; geological and geotechnical data, and an


refAbstractLine:
estimation of recent rates of cliff retreat.


refAbstractLine:
Refer also to B Shephard (1983). "A Supplement to the Flora of the Isle of Wight, 1978". Proc Isle of Wight Natural


refAbstractLine:
History and Archaeological Society, Volume 8 (8)


refAbstractLine:
A brief summary of the landslide event of 12/13 January 1994 at Blackgang. The geomorphic and geological controls that


refAbstractLine:
determined the nature and magnitude of the event are descried and placed in the context of a local history of


refAbstractLine:
recurrent slope instability and failure. The human and management dimensions are given brief consideration.


refAbstractLine:
A proposal to collate and integrate a variety of data sources pertinent to the analysis and interpretation of


refAbstractLine:
archaeological evidence of former occupation on the foreshore zone seawards of the mouth of Wootton Creek. Some


refAbstractLine:
background on contemporary and recent coastal erosion is given, together with the Solent-wide context of the site


refAbstractLine:
with respect to both relative sea-level rise and coastline recession.


refAbstractLine:
The south coast shingle study, undertaken by HR and commissioned by MAFF in 1990, examined: the joint


refAbstractLine:
probabilities of high tide levels and severe waves; variability of longshore drift of shingle, and short-term


refAbstractLine:
responses of shingle beach profiles in severe storms. This paper reviews these studies, covering also data assembly,


refAbstractLine:
and briefly concludes with a comment on the difficulties of designing coastal defences that include shingle beaches


refAbstractLine:
because of serious deficiencies of suitable data. This applies particularly to tidal residuals and surges along the


refAbstractLine:
south coast and long-term data on longshore drift variability. It is not possible to predict drift rates over


refAbstractLine:
a period of a decade, with implications for shingle beach replenishment. Data collected soon after storm events is of


refAbstractLine:
A survey of coastal protection problems and practices in the context of local geology and microclimate. The relative


refAbstractLine:
merits of protection strategies are assessed according to engineering, socio-economic and environmental criteria. One


refAbstractLine:
chapter is devoted to the use of concrete structures on the Isle of Wight.


refAbstractLine:
The foreshore exposures around Bracklesham Bay and the Selsey peninsula (West Sussex) can be extremely difficult to


refAbstractLine:
locate and map with precision. The coastline, much of it flat and featureless, has few landmarks visible from the


refAbstractLine:
beach. Aerial photographs taken at low tide provide the opportunity for precise location of exposures and geological


refAbstractLine:
mapping. An example is given of the use of recent photographs in detailed mapping of the Earnley, Marsh Farm


refAbstractLine:
and Selsey Formations in Bracklesham Bay. It is suggested that similar exercises could be usefully undertaken on many


refAbstractLine:
The design, implementation and preliminary analysis of a monitoring programme for the western Solent saltmarshes is


refAbstractLine:
discussed. The study forms an integral part of the Western Solent and Southampton Water Shoreline Management Plan. A


refAbstractLine:
series of surveys have been carried out across the whole of the saltmarsh system, extending from the high water mark


refAbstractLine:
landward of the marshes, beyond the intertidal flats and into deep water. The study, which was designed in 1992,


refAbstractLine:
comprises a series of interactive elements including measurement of hydrodynamic forces, aerial surveys and


refAbstractLine:
hydrographic surveys. It also includes short term studies of small scale processes. Detailed baseline surveys and


refAbstractLine:
repeat surveys have been completed and the study has provided meaningful quantitative measurements of short term


refAbstractLine:
rates of change within the system. Hydrodynamic records of tidal levels and wind speed/direction have provided the


refAbstractLine:
basis for the compilation of a local wave and water level climate. Sufficient data to provide the basis of an outline


refAbstractLine:
management strategy for the saltmarshes is now available. Future work will comprise detailed data analysis and the


refAbstractLine:
application of theoretical process models to the data. The next stage of the study will address the need for marsh


refAbstractLine:
protection schemes and will if necessary examine and field test the most appropriate environmentally acceptable


refAbstractLine:
The profile response of shingle beaches to storm waves has been addressed previously by a number of researchers.


refAbstractLine:
Recent developments have provided a hydrodynamic process approach for predicting short-term profile response of


refAbstractLine:
restrained shingle beaches to normally incident wave attack. The response of barrier beaches to wave attack has not been


refAbstractLine:
previously quantified however, by reference to hydraulic parameters. This study seeks to provide a reliable


refAbstractLine:
quantitative method of describing the short term profile response of such beaches, focusing upon crest berm


refAbstractLine:
development and processes associated with wave overtopping of the unconfined crest. Following a review of previous


refAbstractLine:
work, an extensive series of laboratory physical model studies, mathematical modelling of wave climate and field


refAbstractLine:
studies have been carried out. These provide the basis for the development of an empirical model of the response of


refAbstractLine:
shingle barrier and restrained beaches to storm wave attack. A series of shingle beach cross sections are investigated


refAbstractLine:
in large-scale physical model studies, to examine the influence of storm waves on shingle beach profile


refAbstractLine:
development. Data are derived from an extensive 3-dimensional study of the response of shingle spits to


refAbstractLine:
storm waves, together with 2-dimensional random wave flume study. The influence of a wide range of hydraulic


refAbstractLine:
variables, beach geometry and sediment size are examined. An extensive long-term regional field monitoring programme


refAbstractLine:
has been established. Data collection has commenced with a view to validating numerical models, which are being


refAbstractLine:
developed from the results of the laboratory tests.


refAbstractLine:
Six papers outline the salient geological and geomorphological characteristics of the coast between


refAbstractLine:
Hengistbury Head and Hurst Spit. These are: B Daley, "The Tertiary Geological Succession in Christchurch Bay" (5-21);


refAbstractLine:
M Bray, "Geomorphological Setting" (22-36); N Turner, "Hengistbury Head" (37-45); F Tyhurst, "Highcliffe on Sea"


refAbstractLine:
(46-57); D Wright, "Barton Cliffs" (58-69), and D Wright, "Hurst Spit" (70-86).


refAbstractLine:
A summary narrative of the Quaternary, Prehistoric and Historical evolution of the coastline of the Selsey


refAbstractLine:
peninsula, with specific reference to the scale and significance of coastal erosion since medieval times.


refAbstractLine:
Pre-modern coastal defences are reviewed. An understanding of these events can assist in the interpretation of these


refAbstractLine:
sites, in particular the history of geological research.


refAbstractLine:
Determination of an acceptable flood protection level for the design water level of +2.1 m ODN, and associated wave


refAbstractLine:
conditions. After exploratory tests, detailed flume tests were carried out on two sea wall designs, using a wave


refAbstractLine:
height of 0.35 m and wave period of 2.2 seconds. The results, and conclusions regarding overtopping probability


refAbstractLine:
Report of recreational benefits, in terms of economic value, of two alternative proposals for the enhanced protection of


refAbstractLine:
the coastal frontage at Lee-on-the-Solent. These were shingle beach nourishment alone and beach nourishment with


refAbstractLine:
rock groynes. The result, obtained by sample questionnaire survey of visitors and local residents revealed no


refAbstractLine:
statistically significant difference between the options in terms of an economic measure of incremental enjoyment per


refAbstractLine:
day visit. Both options offer approximately equal, and substantial, gains to beach users.


refAbstractLine:
Account of excavations to date, which includes the suggestion of a fall of relative sea-level at circa 500 BC


refAbstractLine:
(2500 BP); local sea-level rise subsequently may not have recovered its former Iron Age level.


refAbstractLine:
The existing quay wall at Mudeford dates from 1935 and is now life expired. Christchurch Borough Council (CBC) intend


refAbstractLine:
to replace the wall with a new sheet piled structure, on average 2 metres seaward of the existing line. The line of


refAbstractLine:
the new wall will form a reclamation into the existing channel. The present investigation was commissioned to


refAbstractLine:
answer specific questions relating to the hydraulic effects of the reclamation and to determine the required flood


refAbstractLine:
protection level for the flood wall. The investigation had two parts, a hydraulic modelling study which looked at the


refAbstractLine:
effect of tides and river flows, and an extreme level study which looked at the combined effect of tides, winds, surges


refAbstractLine:
and river discharges, on extreme water levels at the Quay. The investigation also addressed a number of related issues


refAbstractLine:
pertaining to the proposed works. The hydraulic study required the use of a numerical flow model to investigate


refAbstractLine:
the hydraulic conditions in The Run during extreme events. The model was set up at a coarse scale over Christchurch


refAbstractLine:
Harbour and western Christchurch Bay, with fine meshes over The Run channel itself. The model was calibrated for a mean


refAbstractLine:
spring tide and low river discharge, and shown to reproduce the recorded current velocities and tidal height of the area


refAbstractLine:
very well. The model was then run over a fine mesh of 2 metres to investigate the effect of the reclamation, for two


refAbstractLine:
extreme conditions. Field measurements of tidal height, currents and bed sediments were undertaken in the study and


refAbstractLine:
Brief report on additional model based studies of a modification of existing groyne to determine any effects on


refAbstractLine:
local current patterns at the mouth of Christchurch Harbour. It is considered that these will be minimal, producing a 10%


refAbstractLine:
increase in current speed immediately south west of the extension. More protection from waves propagating from the


refAbstractLine:
West and West North West should result; this may add a small degree of additional siltation.


refAbstractLine:
The Solent River no longer exists since most of its course was drowned by Eustatic sea level rise during the Flandrian


refAbstractLine:
Stage (Holocene). Previously, it flowed eastwards across Southeast Dorset and south Hampshire as an extension of the


refAbstractLine:
River Frome. As such, it formed the axial major stream of the Hampshire Basin. A sequence of fluvial aggradations,


refAbstractLine:
ranging in height from 125 m OD to below sea level, provide evidence of the former courses of this substantial river and


refAbstractLine:
its tributaries. Detailed study of the deposits, supported by analysis of clast lithological assemblages provide the


refAbstractLine:
basis for the recognition of a series of lithostratigraphical units throughout the area. The facies


refAbstractLine:
and sedimentary structures indicate that the bulk of the deposits accumulated in a braided river environment under


refAbstractLine:
periglacial climates. Late Pleistocene fossiliferous sediments of Ipswichian and Flandrian age provide a


refAbstractLine:
biostratigraphical framework. The results demonstrate that the Solent River was a substantial system, comparable in


refAbstractLine:
size to the present Thames, and was a tributary of the 'Channel River' during periods of low sea level (cold


refAbstractLine:
stages). Evolution of the river reflects its response to climatic change, local geological structure and long term


refAbstractLine:
tectonic activity. Although datable deposits limit determination of the age of the Solent River sequence, it is


refAbstractLine:
undoubtedly of considerable antiquity and potentially extends back to the Early Pleistocene. Discussion of the


refAbstractLine:
sequence includes placing the events within their regional context.


refAbstractLine:
A factual account covering the geology and sedimentology of the Shingles Bank; presentation of vibrocore logs and


refAbstractLine:
A preliminary assessment, including definition of the problem and conceptual solutions. Options were developed


refAbstractLine:
through consideration of engineering, economic and environmental aspects, including an extensive public


refAbstractLine:
consultation process, leading to detailed development of a scheme by physical modelling. A benefit assessment was


refAbstractLine:
carried out in accordance with MAFF guidelines to establish benefit/cost ratios for several options in order to obtain


refAbstractLine:
the preferred management option. This report describes the preferred management option for the frontage and recommends


refAbstractLine:
that this option is put forward to MAFF for approval.


refAbstractLine:
An overview of the environmental and functional characteristics of the Arun District coastline, including


refAbstractLine:
physical form and processes; historical development and defence and protection. Part III of the Report considers


refAbstractLine:
the issues of development and control; and the implementation of Coastal Management objectives and policies


refAbstractLine:
specified in Part II. Taken as a whole, this document sets out principles and criteria of good management. It does not


refAbstractLine:
This report details a wave measurement programme of 323 recording periods of 11 minutes at three hour intervals.


refAbstractLine:
The resulting data collected was analysed using a Tucker-Draper method to obtain annual return values. In


refAbstractLine:
addition, the reflectivity of the beach was assessed. Meteorological conditions experienced during the study were


refAbstractLine:
compared with 'mean' conditions. It was found that over the deployment period, conditions were less severe than on


refAbstractLine:
average. This is reflected in the low wave heights recorded in the study (Maximum significant wave height = 1.25 m).


refAbstractLine:
Wave periods recorded during the study varied between about 3 s and 30 s. The most commonly occurring frequency range


refAbstractLine:
was from 3.75 s to 5.25 s, suggesting that the area was exposed to mainly higher frequency, locally generated waves


refAbstractLine:
rather than swell waves from distant sources. The short length of the study has led to a wide spread in the


refAbstractLine:
predictions of the annual return period maximum wave height, with the estimate falling between 1.05 and 1.6 m. A value


refAbstractLine:
within this range is not considered likely as the record length is too short and unrepresentative of overall


refAbstractLine:
conditions to allow confidence in the extrapolation to annual events.


refAbstractLine:
A presentation of a management framework for the Heritage Coast areas of the island's coastline, based on a concise


refAbstractLine:
overview of conflicting interests. Coastal erosion is briefly covered.


refAbstractLine:
A series of short illustrated articles on recent and ongoing programmes and projects that address issues and problems on


refAbstractLine:
the Isle of Wight coast. Topics covered include coastal defence and protection, highlighting 10 "Hot spots" and


refAbstractLine:
briefly outlining the Island's coastal defence strategy. The problem of erosion of the Military Road, specifically at


refAbstractLine:
Afton Down, is featured. There are short features on two LIFE-funded coastal management projects, including one that


refAbstractLine:
will evaluate landslide data and compare it with similar European locations. Archaeological work in the Wootton


refAbstractLine:
Creek and Quarr areas, revealing long-term coastal change, is also discussed.


refAbstractLine:
A sequence of maps and diagrams of beach profiles measured at established survey stations in Alum Bay, Totland Bay and


refAbstractLine:
at Fort Victoria. This is the first report of quarterly surveys undertaken as part of an ongoing monitoring


refAbstractLine:
A factual report recording comparison between recorded and independently measured tidal events. A number of time series


refAbstractLine:
plots are given and the methodology described.


refAbstractLine:
A summary of the key points of the 1997 Babtie Group study of Chesil Beach, with particular emphasis on the implications


refAbstractLine:
for the current proposals for upgrading of West Bay's coastal defences. The Babtie report provides an improved understanding


refAbstractLine:
of the behaviour of Chesil Beach in respect of contemporary wave climate, notably swell waves. However, it largely ignores


refAbstractLine:
the longer term and historical development of Chesil, in the vicinity of West Bay. Thus the sediment budget is substantially


refAbstractLine:
overlooked. The significance of recent profile and crest changes is not discussed, and thus there is no framework for


refAbstractLine:
evaluating the impact of coastal engineering at West bay on Chesil Beach.


refAbstractLine:
A qualitative modelling procedure has been developed based upon geomorphological principles and coastal process


refAbstractLine:
understanding and has been applied to three hypothesised coastal sub-cell frontages. These models highlight the


refAbstractLine:
deficiencies  associated with the previous site-specific and ad-hoc nature of shoreline management and demonstrate


refAbstractLine:
condition of defence and protection structures; beach morphodynamics and beach dimensions; the condition of


refAbstractLine:
undefended sections of the frontage; discussion of coastal processes; identification of problem areas and the initial


refAbstractLine:
review of defence options, together with an evaluation of possible environmental impacts and assessment of cost/benefit


refAbstractLine:
calculations, and identification of further work needed to produce a comprehensive strategic study.


refAbstractLine:
Excavation anti survey have revealed that Furzey Island was extensively occupied during the e late Iron Age. A series of


refAbstractLine:
both discrete and interconnected enclosures may define settlement and agricultural activity across an area


refAbstractLine:
that probably existed as allow promontory prior to the separation of the island from the mainland during the


refAbstractLine:
Romano-British period. An analysis of pollen from buried Iron Age soils provides detail of the


refAbstractLine:
local environment up to, and during the site's occupation and records major vegetational changes


refAbstractLine:
resulting in the creation of the present heathland. The presence is recorded of a significant stand of Scots Pine,


refAbstractLine:
surviving until the 1st century BC. Evidence for industrial processes suggests that both shale and iron working were
of economic importance.


refAbstractLine:
The presence of imported Cordoned Ware pottery from Armorica and of Dressel I amphora from southern Italy


refAbstractLine:
indicate the important trading role of the island and harbour within the late Iron Age, Wessex Contact Zone. Settlement


refAbstractLine:
on Furzey did not continue after the Ist century AD.


refAbstractLine:
the benefits of a regional-setting (sediment cell or sub-sell) management approach in identifying the most appropriate


refAbstractLine:
management solutions to ensure the long-term sustainability of the coast and its resources.


refAbstractLine:
Detailed assessments concerning the performance and impacts of two "soft" engineering techniques, namely beach


refAbstractLine:
replenishment at Bournemouth (Poole Bay, East Dorset) and offshore breakwaters at Elmer (West Sussex) have been


refAbstractLine:
undertaken. The data from which these assessments have been made were derived from historical archives and field


refAbstractLine:
based monitoring programmes respectively and can provide detailed information concerning small-scale and


refAbstractLine:
mid-scale coastal evolution.  It has been predicted from an extrapolation of current rates of volumetric decay, and use


refAbstractLine:
of two numerical  equations concerning rates of loss of fill material, that a further replenishment scheme at


refAbstractLine:
Bournemouth will be required before the year 2003. The Elmer offshore breakwater scheme is currently proving to be


refAbstractLine:
very effective in retaining beach shingle along the shoreline, and a series of embayment features have developed.


refAbstractLine:
Significant quantities of sand have accumulated immediately in the lee of the structural units, although at present these


refAbstractLine:
Features do not completely block the longshore transport of material.


refAbstractLine:
The detailed findings from these two studies have been put into a regional-setting sediment sub-cell context by


refAbstractLine:
applying the conceptual modelling procedure previously developed. This exercise indicated that the most


refAbstractLine:
sustainable future management strategy in the Poole Bay sub-cell involves periodic beach replenishment with some


refAbstractLine:
form of retention structure. Similarly, in Pagham Harbour to River Arun sub-cell, it has been suggested that the optimum


refAbstractLine:
coastal defence option at a site immediately updrift of Elmer (Felpham) is beach replenishment in conjunction with the


refAbstractLine:
provision of some form of retention structure.


refAbstractLine:
Through comparative studies of the performance and impacts of a number of similar beach replenishment and


refAbstractLine:
offshore breakwater schemes in various parts of the UK, it is suggested that these schemes can be optimised by :


refAbstractLine:
the presence of control structures and particle size grading control (for beach replenishment);


refAbstractLine:
and careful design of structural parameters such as offshore distance and spacing/length ratios (for offshore


refAbstractLine:
A proposed framework for assessing flood risk taking into account of the potential for failure of one or more elements


refAbstractLine:
A numerical modelling study to calculate wave conditions likely to occur offshore of West Bay. Hourly wind data for


refAbstractLine:
most of the period 1971 to 1996 was used as input into the HINDWAVE hindcasting model. Results are in the form of


refAbstractLine:
annually averaged and seasonally averaged distributions of significant wave height against direction and period;


refAbstractLine:
and extreme wave heights and periods for recurrences of 1, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 years.


refAbstractLine:
A summary of existing Knowledge, arranged topically, as a basis for preparing strategic guidance. The broad structure


refAbstractLine:
is in three parts, viz. Conservation of the Environment; Economic and Social Well-being, and Public Safety.


refAbstractLine:
of around 2,500 kg m2,the bed surface can descend by between 0 and 9 cm (caused by different sediment packing


refAbstractLine:
An analysis of the relevant sediment samples indicates that such a range of variations is not caused by


refAbstractLine:
differences in sediment characteristics i.e., grain size distribution, water content, mineral composition and shape.


refAbstractLine:
Hence, the observed variations are suggested to be hydrodynamically induced. The sinking depth is shown to be


refAbstractLine:
controlled by bed elevation, which is related to the tidal current speed and the rate of water-level changes


refAbstractLine:
immediately before the bed emerges during the ebb-tide phase.


refAbstractLine:
The presence of hydrodynamically induced variations in packing implies a difficulty in defining threshold of particle


refAbstractLine:
movement, on the basis of mechanics. based, semi-empirical approaches to sediment transport.


refAbstractLine:
Work being carried out to stabilise Hurst Spit is described. Westminster Dredging is carrying out a 5 million pounds


refAbstractLine:
project involving dredging and placing 600,000 tons of shingle to build up the bank; some 120,000 tons of large granite


refAbstractLine:
boulders are being placed at the root of the spit. Shingle for replenishment is being dredged from the same banks,


refAbstractLine:
offshore where it accretes. The work followed extensive modelling, model testing and examination of shingle movement.


refAbstractLine:
Based on the probability statistics for storms, the spit is expected to need replenishment three times during the next 50


refAbstractLine:
A scoping study that reviews the primary information and data sources; results of a field inspection of the existing


refAbstractLine:
Each is topically sub-divided and addresses the description of main features and factors; trends; national/regional context; key authorities and


refAbstractLine:
agencies; key objectives, policies and planned/committed changes; constraints, regulations and control;


refAbstractLine:
interactions with other interests, including impacts and threats; management arrangements, and key issues.


refAbstractLine:
Relevant sections include Physical Environment (pp4-8), Conservation (12-25), Marine Aggregates (42-48),


refAbstractLine:
Coast Protection and Sea Defence (75-82).


refAbstractLine:
Description and some analysis of design flow hydrographs for the River Brit where it discharges into West Bay harbour.


refAbstractLine:
These have been derived using Flood Studies Report (FSR) methods with peak extreme flows compared against


refAbstractLine:
gauging data; and the detailed catchment study completed by Peter Brett Associates (1995). Flood volumes for events


refAbstractLine:
of specified durations and return periods are given.


refAbstractLine:
An analysis of shoreline changes on both East and West beaches, in order to assess the variability of shoreline


refAbstractLine:
position and fluctuations in beach level. A wide range of historical documentary and near-contemporary data sources


refAbstractLine:
are used; specifically a report by Keystone Historic buildings Consultants (1997), "West Bay, Dorset: Historical Report,"


refAbstractLine:
and local authority archives. The analysis will provide background on past high magnitude events as a guide to


refAbstractLine:
possible future behaviour of the beaches, and as a basis for evaluation of proposed defence schemes.


refAbstractLine:
A proposal, submitted to the Department of heritage, supporting a bid for the declaration of the south coast between


refAbstractLine:
Ladram and Ballard Down as a World Heritage Site. A statement of its universal value is followed by a description of the


refAbstractLine:
physical and natural landscapes of the coastline; the planning and development setting;


refAbstractLine:
A proposal, submitted to the department of Heritage, supporting a bid for the declaration of the South Coast between


refAbstractLine:
Ladram and Ballard Down as a World Heritage Site. A statement of its Universal Value is followed by a description


refAbstractLine:
of the physical and natural landscapes of the coastline; the planning and development setting; World Heritage


refAbstractLine:
Criteria and the organisations supporting the proposal. Some additional information on stratigraphical and structural


refAbstractLine:
geology; palaeontology and geomorphology, together with a glossary of geological terms, form the conclusion.


refAbstractLine:
Beach volume depletion and profile flattening occurred during 1989 and 1990 in association with storm wave action.


refAbstractLine:
Shingle transport attained exceptional velocities, and some was removed to beyond the summer season recovery


refAbstractLine:
zone. Exposure of the clay substrate has induced shallow failures extending to the cliff toe. The problems arising are best


refAbstractLine:
addressed through a combination of beach replenishment over a frontage of 400m., and an eastern rock bastion


refAbstractLine:
(strong point) to prevent out-flanking. preliminary Cost : Benefit analysis reveals that this is a viable option. Some cliff


refAbstractLine:
strengthening is also proposed as an integral element.


refAbstractLine:
Observations from an intertidal area of a tidal inlet channel (during low water) show that, under a vertical pressure


refAbstractLine:
Changes in the philosophy of coastal defence have highlighted the comparative merits of "soft" engineering techniques.


refAbstractLine:
Of these, beach replenishment is particularly effective, as it can offer almost immediate restoration of the defence and


refAbstractLine:
amenity functions of the beach. However, issues such as material sources and post emplacement performance


refAbstractLine:
(longevity) need to be carefully addressed. The Bournemouth beaches have been subject to a 20+ year programme of


refAbstractLine:
replenishment, with accompanying monitoring. From this record, it is suggested that there is a mutual dependency (and


refAbstractLine:
"trade-off") between particle size grading and the presence of retention structures. Conservation of sediment resources


refAbstractLine:
is critical if beach replenishment is to prove a sustainable option in the longer-term.


refAbstractLine:
The largely unlithified nature of British Paleogene strata provides a distinctive conservation context. Coastal exposures


refAbstractLine:
of the succession are of critical importance in view of the demise of the number and persistence of inland sections.


refAbstractLine:
The relatively rapid erosion and remodelling of Paleogene cliffs has led to conflicts of interest between conservation


refAbstractLine:
and coastal protection; this is exemplified by the Christchurch bay GCR/SSSI sites. These are described, interpreted


refAbstractLine:
and evaluated as an example of the importance of coastal Paleogene sections.


refAbstractLine:
Poole and Christchurch Bays exemplify several of the key issues involving the practice and management of coastal


refAbstractLine:
defence in areas of geological and geomorphological importance. The varied coastal landforms of both erosional and


refAbstractLine:
depositional origins combine with the extensive residential and commercial development; however, development patterns


refAbstractLine:
have failed to accommodate natural processes. Local authorities with responsibility for this frontage have applied a


refAbstractLine:
diverse range of management techniques that address problems of both erosion and flooding, but which have modified


refAbstractLine:
natural coastal processes. These measures have often proven to be self-perpetuating and have also placed pressure


refAbstractLine:
on sites of earth science conservation significance. Three examples of the conflicts involved, and measures taken to try


refAbstractLine:
to resolve them, are presented. They are written by the senior coast protection officers of each of three authorities


refAbstractLine:
Neil Turner,         Bournemouth Borough Council:      Hengistbury Head ;


refAbstractLine:
Frank Tyhurst,   Christchurch Borough Council:       Highcliffe-on-Sea;


refAbstractLine:
Doug Wright,     New Forest District Council:             Barton-on-Sea and Hurst Spit


refAbstractLine:
The concept of landform-orientated management, based on geomorphological knowledge is developed to tackle


refAbstractLine:
coastal defence and conservation problems. Easily applicable criteria are compiled within a classification system for


refAbstractLine:
identifying and understanding the behaviour of "landform units" within littoral cells. Such knowledge should assist in the


refAbstractLine:
strategic planning of coastal defence, so as to avoid negative impacts. Where damaging interventions are already


refAbstractLine:
established landforms and geological exposures may be maintained in semi-natural states through process


refAbstractLine:
manipulation. Examples of the latter from the coastlines of Christchurch and Poole Bays are given.


refAbstractLine:
Much of the coastline of the isle of Wight has received formal designation in respect of the conservation of its geological


refAbstractLine:
and geomorphological features. However, the island's coastal scenery has also been the basis of development


refAbstractLine:
of its tourist industry, resulting in economic justification for coastal defence in vulnerable locations. By developing coastal


refAbstractLine:
policies through dialogue and close consultation with conservation interests, it has been possible to achieve a balance


refAbstractLine:
between the apparent conflicts of viewpoint. Practical examples of reconciliation are given.


refAbstractLine:
Geological conservation interests require the maintenance of stratigraphical exposure; this is often incompatible with


refAbstractLine:
attempts to reduce or eliminate cliff-top recession. This problem is examined using the concept of exposure ratio,


refAbstractLine:
defined as the ration of the cumulative height of all exposed strata to the total height of the cliff.


refAbstractLine:
The effects on exposure ratio resulting from various rates of cliff toe erosion are discussed with reference to the Naish


refAbstractLine:
Farm portion of the Barton clay cliffs at Barton-on-Sea.


refAbstractLine:
The work discussed in this paper aims to develop a Geographic Information System (GIS) to hold and display


refAbstractLine:
environmental and archaeological data for the analysis of an inter-tidal zone. Langstone Harbour on the south coast


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of Hampshire, England, forms the study area. The work is being carried out with the support of The Royal Society


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for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and Hampshire County Council. As it was found that existing topographic base for


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such an inter-tidal are, metric aerial photography and analytical photogrammetry were employed to create a detailed


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topographic base. The photogrammetric models were fitted with a control network established using a high precision


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differential Global Positioning System (GPS). Recorded three dimensional co-ordinates of archaeological finds and


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structures will allow for the comparison between environmental and locational contexts of coastal archaeological


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structures. This will greatly enlarge the available archaeological data set, adding value to the data, as well as assisting


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the study of sea level change and wider coastal processes. Conversion and integration of other environmental data


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is adding further data layers of the GIS.


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Following a general introduction to the socio-economic character of Hayling Island, there are summaries of the coastal


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posed in the context of integrating aggregate extraction and use with other activities and interests in Dorset's coastal


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zone, the address the direction of future policy.


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A brief resume of the exposure of the Chiswell end of Chesil Beach to occasional storm surge induced flooding,


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followed by more detailed descriptions of the events of December 1978 and February 1979. This section is supported


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by contemporary newspaper reports. The consequences of the flooding, the options available to alleviate the effects of


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future flood events and the engineering measures adopted (completed 1988) are covered. The effectiveness of the


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latter (up to 1996) are evaluated. The content and style of this article is appropriate to A Level students of geography


refAbstractLine:
and contains various student activities based on the material presented.


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The general aim of this paper is to describe the general context in which an applied geomorphological investigation for a


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management project on a Heritage coast will be set. We attempt to show how the decisions may be affected by


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historical legacies and public or administrative attributes. Modern attributes to the coast of Great Britain are summarised


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in the light of recent studies by the Department of the Environment and MAFF. The Dorset coast in the south-west


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England is used to illustrate the main points. The paper describes the coast features, explains the historical legacy of


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use, and examines problems of contemporary coastal management. The paper concludes with a consideration of the


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natural geomorphological principles of landscape design which might be employed as part of the guiding concepts.


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A draft statement setting out the vision, principles and priorities for guiding the strategic management of the Dorset


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Coast. Specific priorities include the protection of the coastal environment and the delivery of sustainable shoreline


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management. This draft is for public consultation purposes.


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Research - past and ongoing; Forum / Field meeting - past and planned; photograph gallery; Management Issues; Dorset Coastal Storms Database; Interests of Group Members; Contacts and Links.


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A narrative of the duration and effects of the Great Storm of 22/23 November 1824 on the Dorset coast; based largely


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on contemporary accounts. Most of the extracts recount extensive damage and destruction to coastal properties,


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particularly harbour, death and injury to people including loss of life in shipwrecks. From surviving descriptions it is


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possible to gain some impression of sea level elevation; incident wave heights; onshore wind directions and speed and


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extent of flooding. Chesil Beach was overtopped at several points along its crest. Relief efforts following the storm are


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Ground level monitoring across failure blocks and in standpipes, together with vector movement measurements and


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crack monitoring indicate that failed blocks have stabilised since movement of 15th January 1998. It is recommended


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that monitoring continues to confirm stability and that additional standpipes are installed in drains an in natural ground


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Local implications of wave climates, fluvial flow and sea level rise changes arising from the presumption of global


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warming. Trends are difficult to identify from existing data sets, so forecasting is equally problematic.


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Factual report of hourly data from tide gauge installed at the end of West Pier. Brief report describes methodology,


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analytical approach and principle results.


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Definition of a set of design wave conditions for proposed tidal sill. A combination of numerical and physical modelling is


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applied to simulate waves generated offshore in Lyme Bay, moving nearshore and passing into the harbour. Numerical


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techniques are used to predict the joint probability of certain wave heights and high water level combinations occurring


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simultaneously. Physical modelling is used to provide measurements of wave conditions at the sill location (between the


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inner and outer harbours) for a range of extreme sea states.


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Evaluation of the potential damage to East Beach, assuming a "do nothing" defence option. Based on a brief review of


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historical damage subsequent to flood defence installations in 1986 and beach nourishment in 1991/92, failure criteria


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are defined. Likely failure modes are detailed, followed by consequences of failure, Failure modes are considered in


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term if the relationships between the range of probabilities of wind and swell conditions; extreme water levels; beach


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width; sediment transport normal to the shoreline and residual strength properties of the beach.


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The solid and drift geology of the Lyme Regis frontage prefaces a summary history of its physical protection, with


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reference to several known dates for the construction of sea walls back to the thirteenth century. The history of the


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landslipping is reviewed, emphasising mechanisms of coastal slope failure and the current condition of potentially


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unstable slopes. Current drainage is also reviewed. This report concludes with a documentation of information sources


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used and a summary of previous ground investigations (mostly since the 1950's).


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A brief factual report giving details of a trail pit investigation of substrate conditions as the basis for discussion of sea


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Factual presentation of the side scan sonar and hydrographic surveys of nearshore seabed adjacent to Lyme Regis


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frontage. There is some brief discussion and interpretation of surface and near surface sediments; and megaripple


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forms that diversify the seabed. (This report reproduces that carried out by seabed surveys on behalf of WDDC).


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A sequence of figures presenting data on mean and extreme values for wind speeds, wave heights, wave period and


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water levels, obtained from (a) offshore wave rider buoy; (b) tidal gauge (on Cobb wall) deployed during instrumentation


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period. There is no discussion or analysis.


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The geology of the site is discussed based on pinger and boomer survey, bore holes and trail pits extending from the


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cliff line to approximately 600m offshore. Topographic cross sections of the West Pier and East Cliff and cross section


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through the beach deposits at East and West Cliffs are presented. Discussion of trail pit data reveals that the beach


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rests upon saltmarsh deposits, suggesting that it is a barrier beach that has rolled landwards, overstepping former


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estuarine deposits deposited by River Brit. It is not clear if the barrier created a lagoon system at any stage, but it clearly


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links with the Chesil barrier to the east.


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Physical model tests on the preferred configuration for new harbour improvements and ancillary defences show that wave


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heights in the harbour are 50% lower than for the existing harbour. Overtopping of the existing inner harbour frontage


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would be reduced by a fact of between 10 and 100. The proposed West Breakwater would provide additional shelter


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to East Beach and thus flood protection to the town of West Bay; the beach would also be wider. Further tests were


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carried out to assess the performance of the two construction phase layouts under a 1:10 storm condition. West Beach


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recharge would offer improved protection to the harbour entrance.


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Tabulated raw data sets on nearshore and beach sediment samples obtained from survey stations updrift of both piers


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defining the entrance to West Bay harbour.


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A summary statement of the wave climate offshore the entrance to West Bay harbour, together with calculations of the


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nature of shoaling and refraction induced transformation. Both are based on existing data on wave conditions and


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offshore water depths. A concluding statement on how extreme wave conditions might be determined indicates the


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side-scan sonar and hydrographic surveys of the nearshore area adjacent to the entrance to West Bay harbour. High


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definition mapping confined are seaward of West Bay frontage, with lower definition westwards to Thorncombe Beacon


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and eastwards to Burton Cliff. Covers details of seabed sediments, morphology and shallow substrate (penetration to


refAbstractLine:
about 5m). Most of the report is objective description of survey equipment specifications; data processing and results.


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A limited amount of interpretation of possible sediment mobility is included. (The beach paper is not included in this survey).


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Derivation of design flow hydrographs for the River Brit, where it flows into West Bay harbour, for a range of return


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periods. Extreme peak discharge and flood flow volumes for a range of storm durations are calculated and presented


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graphically. The results provide data for assessing flood severity from fluvial slows in the event of partial or total


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Calculations of probabilities of overtopping of existing defences at East and West beaches based on analysis of


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magnitudes and frequencies of wind generated waves and water levels (derived from earlier studies). Wave energy in


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the spectrum was applied to the mean wave period for the wind component and the swell-sea component and


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overtopping calculated for any bi-modal condition. Breaching by overtopping of the shingle beaches is based on


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current profiles, a roughness factor and an assumed sill level at 5.5m.


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Modelling of beach evolution, using BeachPlan based on historical data to provide data for the refinement of the


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preferred defence scheme. This includes the extension of East Pier, management of East Beach, demolition of West


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Pier and replacement with larger structure; reclamation of land at root of new pier; renourishment and management of


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West Beach and toe protection of West Cliff with rock armour. This study recommends that beach management


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strategy should incorporate periodic recycling of East Beach (between 5,000 and 40,000m3 a-1, according to losses),


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to maintain an adequate width and renourishment of West Beach together with the construction of a terminal rock


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groyne. Re-nourishment of West Beach of approximately 5,000m3 every five years is a likely requirement.


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A history of Bridport (West Bay) Harbour, which includes all recorded damaging and overtopping events, is used as a


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basis for assessing the present structural integrity and likely failure modes of defences along East Beach, West Beach


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and the Harbour mouth. A flood risk mapping framework is outlined, together with data requirements to further this


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Calculation of concurrent wave and water level data to derive distribution fitting and joint probability of waves and


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water levels of given dimension at a range of recurrence intervals. Extreme water levels are highlighted.


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A description of existing coastal defences along West Beach and assessment of the residual life based on design and


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performance criteria. The structural features and estimated longevity of the harbour piers are also briefly covered. Long


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and short term changes in beach levels and beach scour predictions are given.


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A new harbour has been proposed at West Bay, Dorset. HR Wallingford has been commissioned by West Dorset District


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Council to undertake a series of desk, numerical and physical model studies to understand the behaviour of the


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existing harbour and coast defences and optimise the layout and design of any modification. As part of these studies


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HR Wallingford was commissioned by WDDC to undertake an investigation into the feasibility of preventing the harbour


refAbstractLine:
basin at West Bay from drying out in areas at low tide by the provision of a half-tide sill (or other device) in the approach


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channel linking the inner harbour basin to the sea. It is not feasible to construct a fixed sill at West Bay. A gate


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however could be constructed without significant impact on wave disturbance or navigation. Sector gates are preferred


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. These could also incorporate a walkway to facilitate circumnavigation of the Inner Harbour by foot. Such gates could


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also act as a storm surge barrier. The gate arrangements considered worthy of further study are identified as: sector gates (preferred); Single leaf vertical hinged gate; Single leaf flap gate.


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The geology, geomorphology, bathymetry and historical development is outlined as a brief preface to a more detailed


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review of ground conditions as a basis for evaluating the engineering aspects of the proposals. Specific attention is


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given to geotechnical properties and parameters, including sediment properties of the East and West beaches.


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Groundwater behaviour in the adjacent cliffs is also reviewed. Appendix 1 covers historical charts and map of the


refAbstractLine:
harbour; Appendix 2 reproduces the 1997 seabed and beach survey of East Beach.


refAbstractLine:
Evaluation of the geomorphological impacts of current proposals for coastal defence works and harbour improvements


refAbstractLine:
at West Bay. The main content relates to description and analysis of the behaviour characteristics of East and West


refAbstractLine:
beaches; changes in the bathymetry of the nearshore zone and harbour entrance, using both historical and recent


refAbstractLine:
data; the character of nearshore and beach sediments; and sediment transport in the vacinity of West Bay. The latter


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section provides the wide context of cell / sub-cell sediment circulation and budgets east and west of West Bay. This


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report supplements the content of the West Bay Geomorphological study of 1997 completed by High Point Rendel.


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Interpretation of geotechnical work undertaken for the East Cliff area to (i) confirm fround models postulated by earlier


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research; (ii) confirm the geotechnical parameters of ground-forming materials. A detailed history of the defence of the


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site, and previous instability, is used to develop a view of the main mechanisms and types of slope failure present.


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Recent geotechnical investigation including ground water monitoring has demonstrated deep sea-bed landslide blocks,


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current near-surface movements and high ground water tables within shallow landslide deposits. The consequences of


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failure of the existing defences are indicated in detail, although some aspects of postulated ground models could only


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be configured once longer-term monitoring data is available.


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Summary of the main data collection and analysis elements of the preliminary Studies carried out over the previous 3


refAbstractLine:
years and presentation of the implications of findings in terms of options for strategic coastal defence policy and design


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issues. The studies are summarised by major topics, viz. Conditions of existing protection structures and recent history of


refAbstractLine:
coastal defence; salient features of coastal process regime and geomorphology; landslide ground models; groundwater


refAbstractLine:
and surface water drainage systems; economic and environmental assessments; synopsis of main problems; proposed


refAbstractLine:
defence options and design issues. For each topic, three sections of this coastal frontage are examined in further detail,


refAbstractLine:
viz.:(a) Cobb Gate to Harbour; (b) East Cliff;  (c)The Cobb, some aspects of the historical changes and current


refAbstractLine:
conditions of Monmouth Beach are also reported.


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Objective, factual report on the structural characteristics of the Cobb breakwater and immediate substrate. Data


refAbstractLine:
collected by ground penetrating radar and sigmax seismic transmission testing. Report by Structural Testing Services Ltd -


refAbstractLine:
reproduced verbatim with WDDC covers and report identifier.


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A brief evaluation of possible types and scales of changes in wind and waves; fluvial flows and acceleration of


refAbstractLine:
sea-level rise along the Lyme Bay coast based on current model estimations considered to be the most authoritative.


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Takes predictions up to 2050 specific prediction include impact of sea level rise on beach erosion and overtopping;


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changes in variation in annual mean wave heights and effect of relative sea level rise on extreme water levels.


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Analysis and evaluation of shoreline changes since 1840 on East and West beaches, principally with reference to the


refAbstractLine:
movement of MHW, using serial map and chart data. Data set will provide calibration of numerical models relevant to


refAbstractLine:
future beach behaviour. Changes in beach levels immediately up and down drift on the West Bay piers, 1992-1997, are


refAbstractLine:
also identified and provisionally analysed.


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Interpretation of geotechnical investigations, involving Borehole logs, ground instrumentation and laboratory testing,


refAbstractLine:
with objective of helping to appraise economically viable and environmentally acceptable solutions to coastal defence


refAbstractLine:
of Lyme Regis frontage. Together with previous investigations and a fuller review of the historical literature, this work


refAbstractLine:
presents conceptual ground models that account for the main features of coastal slope instability. These show the main


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mechanism of failure and four main types of landslide. Instability in one location is closely linked to stability elsewhere,


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thus demonstrating that there is a complex, inter-related landslide system very sensitive to geometry, drainage and


refAbstractLine:
'cut and fill' operations. Stability analysis demonstrated that many slips are at, or close to, failure. Small increases in


refAbstractLine:
groundwater levels are likely to lead to further instability. A scenario of likely responses that would occur if there were no


refAbstractLine:
further action to maintain or upgrade current sea defences is outlined.


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The specific morphodynamic behaviour of Monmouth Beach is explored in the context of a longer-term morphological


refAbstractLine:
change model and the sub-cell sediment budget. The latter is considered to be defined eastwards by the Cobb.


refAbstractLine:
Broader context is provided by a general review of the sediment transport cells and sediment budget of the coastline


refAbstractLine:
between Charlton Bay and the Cobb, together with a shoreline evolution model for the same shoreline length. The


refAbstractLine:
implications of the conclusions to future coastline protection, particularly in the light of different time scales of change are given.


refAbstractLine:
An historical narrative of the development of West Bay harbour, using both primary and secondary source material.


refAbstractLine:
(Despite the explicit focus, historical material relating to the East and West Cliff frontage is also included). This report is


refAbstractLine:
essentially a structural history, written by a buildings historian but includes a detailed history of successive coastline


refAbstractLine:
defences; reference to gravel extraction from East Beach and harbour mouth dredging. There are numerous archival


refAbstractLine:
photographs, maps, plans and charts, which are evaluated for relative accuracy and reliability in the introductory section.


refAbstractLine:
A summary of a study designed to select a preferred strategic coastal defence option for Swanage Bay. The study area


refAbstractLine:
is characterised by beach depletion related to the construction of defences, promenades and piers, since the late


refAbstractLine:
1870's, in the southern part of the Bay. The outfall jetty constructed in 1993, has led to significant down-drift beach draw


refAbstractLine:
down. From Peveril Point to the Mowlem, defence maintenance is recommended; for the Mowlem to Sheps Hollow,


refAbstractLine:
benefit : cost ratios strongly prefer a scheme of sand recharge; 'do nothing' is adopted for the frontage between Sheps


refAbstractLine:
Hollow and Ballard Point. Historical changes, including erosion rates are presented as background.


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An assessment of a proposed scheme to the east of the entrance to Poole Harbour, consisting of a set of rock groynes


refAbstractLine:
supplemental to those previously built in the mid 1990's. This review is based on analysis of beach and nearshore seabed


refAbstractLine:
changes, using historical maps and charts; bathymetric and beach surveys (including those carried out for this report),


refAbstractLine:
and previous reports. The dynamics of sediment transport and beach foreshore/backshore are deduced and


refAbstractLine:
recommendation for changes to the proposals are outlined, including beach recharge and performance monitoring.


refAbstractLine:
The majority of the slopes along the Barton frontage have historically been subjected to marine erosion and for many


refAbstractLine:
years have undergone phases of investigation, landslide stabilisation measures and coast protection. Nevertheless


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The performance of two major sand replenishment schemes in Poole Bay has assessed based upon long-term beach


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monitoring record. Analyses of post-replenishment volumetric decay trends have enabled a prediction of when a future


refAbstractLine:
replenishment scheme will be needed in Poole Bay. The ability to undertake such prediction has altered the


refAbstractLine:
management philosophy in Poole Bay from reactive to a pro-active one, and the benefits of such as change are


refAbstractLine:
discussed. The Poole Bay data are also applied to mathematical models that have been derived by Fuhrboter (1991)


refAbstractLine:
and Verhagen (1996). These models express the volumetric decay of a replenished beach with respect to time. The


refAbstractLine:
site-specific modelling parameters derived from the first Poole Bay scheme have been compared with those used to


refAbstractLine:
calibrate the Verhagen model, and significant differences observed. Despite this, both models provide a good fit tot he


refAbstractLine:
measured field data. Consequently, both models have been used to extrapolate the current post-replenishment


refAbstractLine:
volumetric decay, to allow additional dates for a future Poole Bay replenishment scheme to be predicted with


refAbstractLine:
confidence, and compared with the previously predicted data.


refAbstractLine:
The basic principles and constraints of the application of analytical photogrammetry to geomorphological research


refAbstractLine:
problems are evaluated. Image acquisition, ground control, model orientation and data capture procedures are


refAbstractLine:
outlined, and are exemplified using aerial photography and non-standard terrestrial imagery. One of these relates to the


refAbstractLine:
there has been a continuation of slope instability at the site. This paper describes the nature of the landslides that are


refAbstractLine:
operating in the undercliff and the significance of certain controlling lithological boundaries within the Eocene Barton


refAbstractLine:
Beds on the formation and development of the various landslide systems. This paper also describes the influence of


refAbstractLine:
groundwater on stability, especially on the deeper seated slips and describes the methods of investigation, monitoring


refAbstractLine:
and instrumentation utilised to assess landslide behaviour.


refAbstractLine:
Forcing factors, particularly interacting waves and tidal currents that regulate the changing shape and volume of the


refAbstractLine:
Shingles bank, offshore Hurst Spit in the eastern part of Christchurch Bay.


refAbstractLine:
Seabed sediment mobility study - west of the Isle of Wight describes an investigation of the sediments and their mobility


refAbstractLine:
over a large area of the seabed west of the Isle of Wight. The understanding of the seabed, and the relationship


refAbstractLine:
between it and the coastline, has not received sufficient attention in the past, partly because of the scarcity of detailed


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surveys or observations. However, the mobility and transport of sediments on the seabed may affect the development of


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beaches and hence the evolution of the coast. A companion report, produced during the same research project


refAbstractLine:
(CIRIA, 1998), discusses regional seabed sediment studies, and the assessment of proposed marine aggregate


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dredging in England and Wales in a more general way. That report also contains recommendations for the execution of


refAbstractLine:
such studies and for improving knowledge of the seabed by collection and improved management of information concerning the seabed.


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Mudeford Sandbank is the seaward element of the double-spit phenomenon that protects Christchurch Harbour and


refAbstractLine:
Christchurch itself from direct attack by the sea. The Sandbank has run roughly north from Hengistbury Head since at


refAbstractLine:
least the 1600's although its size, shape and nature has changed dramatically from century to century. In the last sixty


refAbstractLine:
years, the sandbank has become an important amenity and now has a colony of over 350 beach huts upon it, boasting


refAbstractLine:
a summer resident population exceeding two thousand. HR Wallingford was commissioned by CBC to undertake a


refAbstractLine:
preliminary coastal defence strategy study for Mudeford Sandbank, Christchurch and review their preferred design.


refAbstractLine:
The Terms of Reference for this study were as follows; define the hydrodynamics and littoral processes; establish the


refAbstractLine:
existing standard protection; investigate the interaction of linked benefits areas; verify the CBC design proposals;


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investigate the economic justification of the CBC design proposal. The study concludes that the scheme preferred by CBC provides adequate protection against breaching providing the CBC design profile is maintained.


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This paper describes research that was carried out to investigate apparent anomalies between the tidal regime as


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predicted by the Admiralty Tide Table and the actual patterns experienced during hydrographic survey work carried


refAbstractLine:
out within the Poole and Christchurch Bays. The research involved field work that confirmed these apparent anomalies


refAbstractLine:
are,, in fact, a reality. A range of alternative explanations for these differences are discussed although no single reason


refAbstractLine:
can be found. It is proposed that additional work is now required in order to discover the definite causes of the tidal anomalies.


refAbstractLine:
Statement of current policies, pressure affecting future policies (including sea level rise) and future policies. The latter


refAbstractLine:
reaction provides a brief history of coastal protection, and the present defences, together with six objectives that will


refAbstractLine:
determine future defence and protection management. The introductory section presents a concise history of the


refAbstractLine:
fluctuating form of Mudeford Sandbank (Spit) since the seventeenth century.


refAbstractLine:
Barton-on-sea, on the south coast of England, has Eocene stiff clay cliffs rising up to 20m above sea level and overlain


refAbstractLine:
by plateau gravels, Erosion was threatening the residential area and in 1959 a study lead to construction of experimental


refAbstractLine:
works followed by full works to stabilise the cliffs and protect the toe over a frontage of 1500m. A steel sheet pile


refAbstractLine:
diaphragm cut off water draining from gravels, rock counterfort drains carried the water down the cliffs. Subsequently a


refAbstractLine:
system of five artificial rock headlands have been introduced at approximately 400m spacing. A minimum of shingle


refAbstractLine:
beach nourishment has been provided with each headland to establish an embrio bay shaped beach.


refAbstractLine:
A brief description of the existing condition of the harbour, including navigation and proposed improvements. Accompanied by map.


refAbstractLine:
measurement of coastal cliff erosion along the frontage of Christchurch Bay, specifically the unprotected cliffs in the


refAbstractLine:
vicinity of Becton Bunny, using aerial photography for 1967, 1976 and 1993. Process rates based on the quantification


refAbstractLine:
of volumetric losses of cliff material are presented and briefly discussed.


refAbstractLine:
Several copies of black and white facsimiles of above plans and charts in RHM archives. Scales are variable. 1698


refAbstractLine:
survey extends from Shoreham to Weymouth; 1759 incorporates mouth of Hamble to Canford Cliffs, including NW and


refAbstractLine:
SW Isle of Wight; 1785 Highcliffe to St. Alban's Head. The 1689 survey has accompanying comments on navigation


refAbstractLine:
recent sedimentation and tides; it was undertake with the potential for the naval development of ports as its main


refAbstractLine:
A typescript student dissertation of unknown authorship and provenance covering historical background and cliff


refAbstractLine:
erosion retreat rates, empirical data on beach gradients and percolation rates, wave 'cycles' (alternating destructive


refAbstractLine:
and constructive incident waves over a short observation period); a longshore drift experiment and describing


refAbstractLine:
contemporary defences. Vol.2. Contains appendices of field data and maps of Hengistbury head for 1811, 182, 1904,


refAbstractLine:
A narrative of the removal of conceretionary ironstone from the area of Hengistbury (Christchurch) Ledges, Hengistbury


refAbstractLine:
Head and the intervening foreshore outcrop of upper Eocene rocks during the nineteenth century. The impacts of this


refAbstractLine:
activity on coastal morphology are alluded to.


refAbstractLine:
A hand-written manuscript outlining the evidence of contemporary erosional processes and retreat rates, across the


refAbstractLine:
seaward face of Hengistbury Head. Based largely on observation with some short-term measurements of cliff top and


refAbstractLine:
cliff base changes. Mss. Held by RHM (in file of reports of Hengistbury Head Sub-Committee for Natural History).


refAbstractLine:
Stapled collection of scale drawing to show the position and shape of Mudeford Spit for 1695,1762,1785,1836,1869,


refAbstractLine:
1976,1977 based on Ordnance Survey and earlier planimetric data and local authority survey.


refAbstractLine:
A brief survey of erosional and ecological impacts arising from visitor pressure and general recreational use, together


refAbstractLine:
with recommended management response. Kept with file of newspaper cuttings on the history, uses and management


refAbstractLine:
Various vertical and oblique aerial photographs, all black and white held in Reference collections AW 10.8 and OS 67.


refAbstractLine:
Vertical air photography of Christchurch Harbour (KS, d18/1979) and Hengistbury Head (RAF 4978, 18/Jan/1962)


refAbstractLine:
(I) Strategic context, (ii) Project description, (iii) Impacts on the Natural Environment - seabed morphology and benthic


refAbstractLine:
ecology, (iv) Impacts on the Human Environment, (v) Cumulative impacts.


refAbstractLine:
Sections of data processing; data presentation (mostly in chart form); data interpretation - sea bed features.


refAbstractLine:
(I) Instrumentation and data processing, (ii) Data Presentation, (iii) Data Interpretation (Shingles Bank), (iv) Appendices.


refAbstractLine:
Includes example of Barton-on-Sea, Christchurch Bay.


refAbstractLine:
Includes a case example of Hengistbury Head.


refAbstractLine:
whilst beach-profile surveying is a relatively long-established and widely utilised shoreline monitoring technique, a


refAbstractLine:
considerable gap exists between theoretical and practical requirements from, and uses of beach profile data. The paper


refAbstractLine:
bridges this gap by providing a summary of the key elements of beach profile measurement, theory and analysis. The


refAbstractLine:
benefit of applying these elements to practical coastal management are given in three case studies. The first case study


refAbstractLine:
presents results from beach-profile analysis on a regional scale in  East Anglia. The second case study applies both


refAbstractLine:
Analytical and theoretical techniques to investigate erosional problems along a coastal bay in Jersey. The third case


refAbstractLine:
study assesses the performance of two major sand replenishment scheme in Poole Bay (on the south coast of England)


refAbstractLine:
based upon beach profile volumetric analyses. Most importantly, the paper demonstrates that beach profile


refAbstractLine:
measurement, theory and analysis can provide information of practical use in coastal management.


refAbstractLine:
A narrative of the practical measures taken to mitigate the environmental impacts of the reconstruction of Mudeford


refAbstractLine:
Quay, Christchurch, in 1995/6. This is discussed under the heading of Natural and Cultural Environments; Residential


refAbstractLine:
and Business interests, Amenity and Scheme Finances. The beneficiaries ( and reasons) are detailed along with costs,


refAbstractLine:
and an evaluation is presented. The latter concludes that the valuation of intangible benefits is becoming more critical


refAbstractLine:
to local authorities, although this case study is largely confined to the mitigation of nuisance arising from scheme


refAbstractLine:
The solid geology of the study area is related to the character and distribution of seabed sediments and examines the


refAbstractLine:
hydrodynamic regime in terms of the potential of waves and residual tidal currents to erode seabed sediments, sediment


refAbstractLine:
thickness, grain size characteristics and larger scale bedforms, such as sand-waves, are described and used as


refAbstractLine:
indicators of sediment transport pathways. The latter are also derived from numerical modelling and simulation. Two


refAbstractLine:
hypothetical dredging operations are examined for their potential effects or impacts on the regional coastline. The study


refAbstractLine:
area is divided into two distinct sub-regions, each of which are described. The inshore region is well known, but beyond


refAbstractLine:
that knowledge is less secure. However, it can be concluded that seabed sediments in this "outer" area is immobile and


refAbstractLine:
is neither contributing to the downstream end of net sediment transport pathways nor being added to by modern


refAbstractLine:
sedimentation. The seabed area south west of the Isle of Wight remains comparatively little known.


refAbstractLine:
The stabilisation of a 2km shingle spit in southern England was initially planned as a traditional civil engineering contract.


refAbstractLine:
However, an unforeseen delay at the start meant there was a real danger of not completing the work before winter


refAbstractLine:
storms, so a partnering approach was introduced - with successful results. This paper starts off by investigating the


refAbstractLine:
potential of partnering to achieve the UK's construction improvement targets. Using Hurst Spit as a case study, it


refAbstractLine:
demonstrates that partnering can provide significant benefits for a one-off project without the need for formal


refAbstractLine:
agreements. It analyses in particular the culture changes which are required to achieve the full benefits of a partnering


refAbstractLine:
Hurst Spit barrier beach which provides protection from flooding and erosion to an extensive are of low-lying land. It has


refAbstractLine:
a recent history of spectacular sluicing overwashing and barrier breakdown during severe storm events. The Spit has


refAbstractLine:
declined in volume over a number of years, due largely to updrift coast protection works causing starvation of the


refAbstractLine:
shingle supply. Subsequently, the frequency of wave overtopping has increased causing the loss of large volumes of


refAbstractLine:
material from the system. A beach management strategy has been developed for Hurst Spit, including beach recharge


refAbstractLine:
and rock structures. This paper discusses details of the design and construction phases of beach recharge elements of


refAbstractLine:
the scheme. The scheme comprises a number of unusual approaches to design. These include: (a) design of a beach


refAbstractLine:
to environmental attributes and economic appraisal. Proposals for each operational management unit are tabulated and


refAbstractLine:
an implementation programme set out. There are detailed maps to illustrate each major viable option for each


refAbstractLine:
management unit, featuring defence standards and benefits accruing from the adoption of preferred options.


refAbstractLine:
An interim strategy for coastal defence for the Felpham frontage for the next 5 years. Economic, environmental, coastal


refAbstractLine:
processes and engineering assessments have been undertaken to determine a preferred strategic defence approach


refAbstractLine:
(see separate abstracts). These are summarised here, and used as a basis for arguing for a strategic approach to


refAbstractLine:
management unit 4 in the South Downs SMP. Felpham frontage has the specific problem of falling beach levels


refAbstractLine:
compared to those adjacent. The implications, and options are broadly scoped according to engineering, environmental


refAbstractLine:
Description of bathymetry and morphology of nearshore sites and adjacent areas selected for construction of rock


refAbstractLine:
breakwaters. Survey undertaken by side scan sonar.


refAbstractLine:
factual statement of geological and drift substrate derived from Borehole, trial and hand pit records, groundwater


refAbstractLine:
monitoring and laboratory testing of physical properties.


refAbstractLine:
The Strategic Environmental Assessment provides an environmental overview for the Coast Defence Strategy prepared


refAbstractLine:
for the coastal frontage between the Rivers Arun and Adur, and the lower reaches of the two rivers. The Strategy


refAbstractLine:
recharge scheme for a barrier beach, (b) design of innovative terminal beach control structures (c) sourcing and supply


refAbstractLine:
of beach recharge materials from a new aggregate production licence, from within the coastal cell. The design


refAbstractLine:
programme, which includes physical model testing and offshore exploration techniques, is discusses together with


refAbstractLine:
implementation of the construction programme.


refAbstractLine:
A summary of the proposals to stabilise Hurst Spit, at the western entrance to the Solent, comprising shingle


refAbstractLine:
renourishment, a rock breakwater and rock revetments and upgrading of existing rock armour at the distal end of the


refAbstractLine:
structure. Shingle for recycling will be obtained from the Shingles Bank an adjacent offshore source that is an integral


refAbstractLine:
part of the spit's sediment budget. Reasons for the scheme, in the context of the decline in the volume of the spit


refAbstractLine:
induced by reduced of updrift supply by longshore transport and increased frequency of wave overtopping are given.


refAbstractLine:
The average cost : benefit ratio of the scheme, using source material from the Shingle Bank is calculated at 1:38. The


refAbstractLine:
specific circumstances of obtaining an aggregate production licence, via the DOE are provided.


refAbstractLine:
A review of the geology, geomorphology character and habitat features of the cliff line inland of the promenade frontage


refAbstractLine:
of Bournemouth. The objectives of sustaining plants and animals, and the geological interest, are set out, both in terms


refAbstractLine:
of scientific value and management approaches. Proposed management actions, agreed between English Nature and


refAbstractLine:
Bournemouth B.C. are detailed, which include maintenance of cliff stability; maintenance of sediment traps to avoid


refAbstractLine:
runoff to the promenade, and establishment of geological/ecological baseline data.


refAbstractLine:
An internal report providing a comprehensive and detailed presentation of data and analysis of trends; relating


refAbstractLine:
specifically to beach profile form; beach volumes and sediment composition. The definition of 'beach' includes the


refAbstractLine:
'envelope' extending some 400m offshore, thus incorporating analysis of gross width and trough / bar forms. Data is


refAbstractLine:
preferred by a background account of the geomorphology of the frontage managed by Bournemouth Borough Council,


refAbstractLine:
and is used to draw conclusions relating to littoral drift rates. There is also a comprehensive history of coastal defences,


refAbstractLine:
with evaluation of the performance of major groyne structures and sequences, and past beach replenishment


refAbstractLine:
programmes. The report concludes with some analytical deductions on the timing and functional viability of future


refAbstractLine:
defence strategies. This includes innovative proposals to construct an artificial surf reef.


refAbstractLine:
A summary of the various documents published for above strategic study (abstracted separately). Most of the content


refAbstractLine:
reviews existing defences and assesses alternative strategic defence options. The latter are evaluated with reference


refAbstractLine:
covers those coastal defences within an area bounded by the River Arun upstream as far as Ford Railway Bridge, the


refAbstractLine:
River Adur upstream as far as the A27 flyover, and the coastline between the two rivers. The Strategic Environmental


refAbstractLine:
Assessment (SEA) has been designed to be formalised, systematic and comprehensive approach to evaluating the


refAbstractLine:
environmental impact of the Strategy, and has involved a review of all environmental data, policies and plans applicable


refAbstractLine:
to the study area. In addition, all statutory consultees and other interested parties were contacted and informed of the


refAbstractLine:
aims and objectives of the Coastal Defence Strategy, and invited to submit their initial views and / or concerns. The


refAbstractLine:
information gathered during the data review and consultation process was used to develop an environmental baseline


refAbstractLine:
and identify objectives and criteria for option selection. Each of the options identified during the Strategy have been


refAbstractLine:
assessed in line with the environmental objectives, and to date, none of the issues raised during the baseline studies or


refAbstractLine:
consultation process would lead to any of the preferred options being rejected. This SEA identifies a number of


refAbstractLine:
opportunities for environmental enhancement and mitigation which need to be carried forward and considered further


refAbstractLine:
during detailed site specific studies and scheme design. It is also recommends that studies of the adjacent lengths of


refAbstractLine:
coast and the rivers are required before options selection can be confirmed, but which are outside the scope of the


refAbstractLine:
site description: Geology and stratigrahy of solid formations; sedimentology of beach deposits and alluvium; material


refAbstractLine:
properties (penetration tests; plasticity; shear strength (total and effective stress); sulphates and pH); engineering


refAbstractLine:
assessment. Obtained from nine bore holes and six trail pits. (investigation undertaken by ground explorations, Ltd).


refAbstractLine:
13 separate technical reports covering data review; existing defences; water level analysis; sediment budget; joint


refAbstractLine:
probability analysis; risk assessment; monitoring and further studies; surveys and flood mapping; option description and


refAbstractLine:
costs; health and safety risk assessment; wave climate analysis; economic analysis and implementation plan.


refAbstractLine:
A set of four expert presentations covering the nature and reliability of climate change prediction up  to 2100 and its


refAbstractLine:
postulated impacts on coastal management, river regimes, land drainage, water resource margins, water quality,


refAbstractLine:
agriculture and horticultural economics and other environmental attributes. Each paper is followed by recorded


refAbstractLine:
discussion. The various projections of relative sea level rise are discussed at various points along with shoreline and


refAbstractLine:
Summary of the aims and objectives, research approach field programme and preliminary results of the MAFF / EA


refAbstractLine:
supported shingle beach transport project (1996-99). Field measurements were obtained from West Beach, Shoreham


refAbstractLine:
and Beach Green, Lancing. The projected created a critical comparison of existing equations used in numerical


refAbstractLine:
prediction models; the development of a new conceptual longshore transport model; the development of a cross-shore


refAbstractLine:
model to include the effects of a permeable beach on wave run up; and new guidance on the use of equipment and


refAbstractLine:
GIS for digital ground models for use in transport calculations.


refAbstractLine:
This paper evaluates the longshore transport efficiency parameter (k), based on measurements of the nearshore wave


refAbstractLine:
climate and the alongshore transport rate on an open shingle bank. Subsequently this transport efficiency is used to


refAbstractLine:
predict the expected longshore drift rate on an adjacent groyned shingle beach. Tracer measurements and volumetric


refAbstractLine:
survey data are then used to assess groyne efficiency in terms of sediment retention and drift prevention.


refAbstractLine:
Bailard's (1981) energetics-based model was used to predict sediment transport rates on a macro-tidal shingle beach.


refAbstractLine:
The results were compared with measured transport rates as derived from an adjacent scour monitor. Reasonable


refAbstractLine:
agreement was found for both the short-term and tidally-averaged longshore transport rate. The model did not account


refAbstractLine:
for the cross-shore translation of a berm, associated with plunging waves and a narrow surf zone.


refAbstractLine:
Sub-tidal resolution of changes in beach profiles on macro-tidal shingle beaches are difficult to collect. In the MAFF


refAbstractLine:
Collaborative Shingle Beach Experiment it was possible to monitor changes in the beach profile by three methods.


refAbstractLine:
These methods are presented here with preliminary results to estimate active beach width and depth of disturbance.


refAbstractLine:
The authors performed a series of physical model experiments in the UK Coastal Research Facility (CRF) at HR


refAbstractLine:
Wallingford in 1998. These tests formed part of a wider programme of physical model studies at a scale of 1:28 of the


refAbstractLine:
Elmer breakwater scheme in West Sussex. The authors lowered the crest levels of the original breakwaters in order to


refAbstractLine:
investigate the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic effect of using submerged rubble mound breakwaters, instead of


refAbstractLine:
emergent ones, to provide coast protection in a macro-tidal region. Lowering the crest levels would have reduced the


refAbstractLine:
raw material and construction costs of the scheme. The visual intrusion would have been diminished and the inshore


refAbstractLine:
water would have been more regularly flushed, reducing the likelihood of water quality problems developing at the


refAbstractLine:
beach. Although lowering the crest height increases the transmitted wave energy above certain water levels, it can be


refAbstractLine:
determined using traditional theory. However, the impact on beach evolution of the 'set up' currents generated behind


refAbstractLine:
breakwaters when the water level is near crest level is not well understood. Their magnitude can not currently be


refAbstractLine:
predicted easily. The results from the series of CRF experiments reported herein demonstrate the nature and magnitude


refAbstractLine:
of these set-up currents. The authors present an equation to determine the 'set up' in 2D models and outline a volume


refAbstractLine:
continuity method to relate 2D 'set up' to the magnitude of 3D set up currents.


refAbstractLine:
A summary of the aims, objectives and main results and conclusions from the MAFF/EA sponsored Shingle Beach


refAbstractLine:
Transport Project (1996-1999). Experimental data was obtained from two sites on the West Sussex coastline. Field


refAbstractLine:
studies and their objectives are outlined in detail. Results are only briefly summarised. The project also involved a


refAbstractLine:
thorough review of existing numerical transport prediction methods, empirically tested against field data. New modelling


refAbstractLine:
methods have been simulated by this research. Initial development of a physics based cross-shore model of shingle


refAbstractLine:
transport, which includes the effects of a permeable beach on wave run and improved representation of bottom friction,


refAbstractLine:
This paper summaries the current findings of an on-going 4 year programme of MAFF funded research into the design of


refAbstractLine:
detached segmented rubble mound breakwaters (DSBs). In recent years, despite many instances of their successful


refAbstractLine:
deployment, a growing body of opinion has opposed the use of DSB systems which has resulted in a lowering of both


refAbstractLine:
promoters' and designers confidence in the ability of them to deliver sustainable coastal protection. Data obtained from


refAbstractLine:
2D and 3D experiments performed within this research programme has given a greater understanding of the underlying


refAbstractLine:
causes of some of the common problems with DSBs and now they are better understood they can more readily be


refAbstractLine:
controlled. Of particular importance are the rip currents often generated in the vacinity of submerged DSB's. The


refAbstractLine:
authors outline an alternative design strategy, which considers the performance of detached segmented rubble mound


refAbstractLine:
breakwaters within the context of the complete set of coastal processes and from the perspective of an annual


refAbstractLine:
sediment budget. They suggest that the adoption of this alternative strategy will overcome a number of the perceived


refAbstractLine:
problems associated with the deployment of submerged DSBs.


refAbstractLine:
A review of the value of tracers in providing insights into the processes of transport and sorting on shingle beaches,


refAbstractLine:
followed by a detailed summary of the main outcomes of relevance from an experimental study on Shoreham beach


refAbstractLine:
using a customised Electronic Tracer System. These include (a) longshore and vertical movements were intermittently


refAbstractLine:
dependant on tracer injection position; (b) high K values support the recallibration of predictive drift equations for each


refAbstractLine:
site to which they were appended; © K value variability may be linked to a hydrodynamic or sedimentological factor


refAbstractLine:
not included in previous equations; (d) vertical mixing depths appear to have a linear relationship to significant wave


refAbstractLine:
height. Reliable tracing techniques employed in a rigorous experimental framework offer a viable means of quantifying


refAbstractLine:
A large-scale collaborative field based research programme on shingle beach morphodynamics is currently underway on


refAbstractLine:
the south coast of England (Shoreham, West Sussex). The primary stage consisted of a field measurement campaign


refAbstractLine:
on an undistributed shingle beach. The campaign and the data collection is described and some of the initial data


refAbstractLine:
collected is presented in the form of initial analysis.


refAbstractLine:
A comprehensive discussion in the form of edited transcripts of a series of invited talks and ensuing discussion relating


refAbstractLine:
to the proposal to construct a marina at Bognor Regis. Chapters 1 ("Designing Coastal Marinas") and 2 ("The Sea and


refAbstractLine:
the shore") cover the geomorphology, wave climate and nearshore hydraulic regime of the Bognor coast, and the


refAbstractLine:
impacts that a marina might have on sediment transport, downdrift beaches, inshore currents, etc.


refAbstractLine:
Detailed description of submerged late Prehistoric, Roman and Saxon structures and artefacts on and in the vacinity of


refAbstractLine:
Kirk Arrow Spit, Mixon Rocks and Mixon Gorge, leading to a hypothesised reconstruction of eleventh century coastal


refAbstractLine:
structures. The latter is based on surveys of submerged topography such as the former (archival) research. The


refAbstractLine:
morphology of the Mixon Gorge is reported in detail and there is additional speculation on when the Owers Shingle bank


refAbstractLine:
Abstracts of several short papers. Those of relevance to the SCOPAC coast include: Mortimore, R. "Geology of the


refAbstractLine:
Sussex coastline" and Davis, A. "Management of Sussex Coastal Defences".


refAbstractLine:
A narrative and partial inventory of changes both natural; and human-induced to affect the coastline of the Selsey


refAbstractLine:
peninsula from late Quaternary to modern times.


refAbstractLine:
An application for a Government View has been submitted to the Department of the Environment, Transport and the


refAbstractLine:
Regions (DETR) by Hanson Aggregates Marine Ltd. (formerly ARC Marine Ltd) and United Marine Dredging Ltd to


refAbstractLine:
remove marine sand and gravel from two adjacent sites - Areas435 and 396 (collectively termed the Inner Owers). The


refAbstractLine:
applicants are seeking separate licences for each area, but have applied for a single Government view. The


refAbstractLine:
applications for Inner Owers lie in the English Channel, some 10-15km south of Littlehampton and around 15-25km east


refAbstractLine:
of Selsey Bill. The companies have applied to extract a combined maximum of 15 million tones of sand and gravel from


refAbstractLine:
the areas over a period from the date of the licence issued by the Crown Estate.


refAbstractLine:
The Executive Summary details the level of extraction as well as a Coastal Impact Study undertaken by the Coastal


refAbstractLine:
Group of Hydraulics Research and administered by Posford Duvivier for the Crown Estates. A single Environmental


refAbstractLine:
Assessment (EA) has been undertake by Emu Environmental Ltd for the two application areas. The EA describes the


refAbstractLine:
proposal, its context and need, the nature of the deposit; physical processes, including tides and currents, wind and


refAbstractLine:
waves, sediment transport, the effects of dredging on sediment movement and the coastline, marine ecology, fisheries and


refAbstractLine:
conservation; other legitimate uses of the sea and a non-technical summary. The applicants believe that all technical


refAbstractLine:
concerns raised through the consultation process have been addressed through the additional information presented in


refAbstractLine:
the technical notes and tailored letters submitted for consultees consideration. Where outstanding issues remain, the


refAbstractLine:
applicants have proposed mitigation and monitoring measures to address these, within a comprehensive Draft Schedule


refAbstractLine:
Numerical modelling studies have been carried out to assess the hydrodynamic and sedimentological conditions that


refAbstractLine:
may give rise to a future breach at East Head. These include spring and neap conditions and the effect of a storm surge


refAbstractLine:
as well as the direct effect of storm wave activity. Three breached scenarios were simulated. In each case the


refAbstractLine:
breaches tended to erode, indicating that the imposed bed levels would deepen. This is especially the case under


refAbstractLine:
storm wave conditions. Closure of the breach would depend to a large extent on the littoral drift patterns and how these


refAbstractLine:
are affected by the existing groynes along the open frontage. The longer spring-neap simulation for breach 2 indicated


refAbstractLine:
that a breach of this configuration would tend to remain open. This simulation also highlighted that over this longer period


refAbstractLine:
of time there is a small impact of the breach on the main channel, which is a consequence of the breach carrying a


refAbstractLine:
proportion of tidal volume into and out of the inner Harbour.


refAbstractLine:
This report describes the sources and relevant accuracy's concerning data collected to analyse landform changes at


refAbstractLine:
East Head, West Sussex. As the sources cover a period of over one hundred years, understanding of their reliability is


refAbstractLine:
fundamental when carrying out any investigation. Initially the assembled data was written to a CD-ROM as raw data


refAbstractLine:
plus derived images from SURFER software were also added for visual examination. The next section catalogues that


refAbstractLine:
data along with a brief description of each file for references purposes. This is then followed by an assessment of the


refAbstractLine:
reliability of the various sources as well as hard copy images of the data. Calculations of recent elevation changes for analysis are I


refAbstractLine:
reliability of the various sources as well as hard copy images of the data. Calculations of recent elevation changes for


refAbstractLine:
analysis are illustrated in the next section. The report concludes with an analysis of the geology and sources of the


refAbstractLine:
The physical ecology and socio-economic characteristics of Littlehampton Harbour including an assessment of landscape


refAbstractLine:
impacts and the archaeological and historical attributes potentially affected by dredging of the approach and navigation


refAbstractLine:
channels. Chapter 3 (pp14-39) is a summary of the geomorphology of the harbour entrance, the mouth of the Arun and


refAbstractLine:
the adjacent coastline with specific reference to sand and shingle transport.


refAbstractLine:
Archaeological finds associated with a reconstructed estuarine channel and discussed along with implications for sea


refAbstractLine:
level rise. The Ipswichian and Hoxnian interglacial deposits beneath contemporary beach gravels receive descriptive


refAbstractLine:
Archival and physical evidence for the former extension of the coastline of the Selsey peninsula and the existence of


refAbstractLine:
ports, served by a strait (drowned Holocene river valley?) during the early medieval period. The evidence of shallow


refAbstractLine:
bore holes through late Holocene and peat deposits associated with the former "Selsey Island" is described, but


refAbstractLine:
Many shingle beaches include a wide range of material sizes. However, the mot successful efforts to measure directly


refAbstractLine:
rates and directions of transport on shingle beaches have been largely based on the results from tracer studies


refAbstractLine:
confined to the use of relatively coarse aluminium or electronic pebbles. This paper reports on a field experiment


refAbstractLine:
designed to stuffy the movements of both line and coarse shingle so as to provide the first qualitative assessments of


refAbstractLine:
combined transport. The movements of novel fine (7.30mm ‘b’ axis) and conventional coarse (32.46mm ‘b’ axis)


refAbstractLine:
aluminium tracers were monitored in the field using metal detectors. Similar comparisons were undertaken using large


refAbstractLine:
number of indigenous beach pebbles marked with fluorescent paint and recovered visually. Breaking waves were


refAbstractLine:
monitored automatically throughout the study. Results demonstrated that the aluminium tracers behaved similarly to the


refAbstractLine:
fluorescent tracers, but their recover rates were significantly higher and were maintained throughout. Fine


refAbstractLine:
aluminium tracers were recovered reliably down to 0.2m beneath the beach surface, thus providing a quantitative basis


refAbstractLine:
for comparisons with the proven large aluminium tracers. Although directions and rates of transport were similar during


refAbstractLine:
moderate wave conditions, coarse tracers were transported relatively more rapidly as wave energy increased. These


refAbstractLine:
results suggest that it is both possible and necessary to stimulate the movement of fine as well as coarse shingle when


refAbstractLine:
quantifying the transport of the indigenous beach material. Further application of these methods offers insight into the


refAbstractLine:
behaviour of natural mixed shingle beaches, and especially artificial beaches where there is little initial control on


refAbstractLine:
Beach profile monitoring and sediment transport on Elmer Beach, Littlehampton are reported. The Elmer frontage is


refAbstractLine:
protected by eight offshore breakwaters and beach renourishment and was completed in August 1993. The paper


refAbstractLine:
reports on medium term monitoring of the platform development using surveyed profile lines and also aerial


refAbstractLine:
survey data supplied by Arun District Council. The beach development from completion to 32 months later is examined.


refAbstractLine:
Short-term changes were investigated using survey methods and tracer techniques obtained during October/November


refAbstractLine:
1995. Both individually numbered aluminium pebbles and fluorescent coated indigenous pebbles were used as tracers


refAbstractLine:
on the mixed sand/shingle beaches. The data shows that the scheme, following rapid initial development, is now


refAbstractLine:
relatively stable. Renourishment is not likely to be required in the immediate future, although modest rates of depletion


refAbstractLine:
have been identified in some critical areas. Sediment pathways and rates of transport for one particular embayment are


refAbstractLine:
The use of offshore breakwaters in the UK is relatively uncommon with only 6 schemes constructed to date (early 1998)


refAbstractLine:
The use of this technology in the UK is examined via a case study of the 8 unit Elmer Beach offshore breakwater


refAbstractLine:
scheme which fronts a shingle beach. Profile line surveying and aerial survey data are used to show the development of


refAbstractLine:
the platform during the first 38 months and the development is compared to empirical design guidelines. Also an


refAbstractLine:
intensive fieldwork program investigated shingle transport inshore of the breakwaters using sediment tracing techniques


refAbstractLine:
. The results how that the scheme exhibited rapid changes to platform during the first 6 months, with shingle


refAbstractLine:
salients and sand tombolos developing in the lee of the breakwaters. Changes to planform after this time were less


refAbstractLine:
marked, although areas of continued erosion/accretion were identified. The sediment transport experience identified


refAbstractLine:
sediment pathways and rates of transport on the lee of the breakwaters. It suggested that the breakwaters have


refAbstractLine:
reduced shingle transport by a factor of at least 2 compared to similar open beaches.


refAbstractLine:
Objective: The objective of this report is to examine the coastal processes that will affect the ability of the proposed


refAbstractLine:
scheme to provide flood protection to the town of Felpham. Method: The historical evolution of the coastline is


refAbstractLine:
summarised from published reports to provide a holistic understanding of the coastal processes in the Felpham area.


refAbstractLine:
The local coastal processes are then examined in detail using numerical models and compared with available physical


refAbstractLine:
model data. Estimates of the rates of shingle transport are made based on the new and previous modelling work. The


refAbstractLine:
numerical models employed were: SHINGLE - to examine the development of the shingle beach profile. LITPACK - to


refAbstractLine:
examine the longshore sediment transport processes. MIKE21-HD - To examine the tidal circulation in the local area to


refAbstractLine:
Felpham. MIKE21-EMS - To compare the effectiveness of the timber and rock groynes. Findings: The study has


refAbstractLine:
demonstrated that the scheme will provide the necessary protection to the sea wall. The rate of shingle loss from the


refAbstractLine:
frontage has been estimated at 1500m3/year, which will require maintenance of the beach to replenish the lost


refAbstractLine:
sediment. The asymmetry of the tidal currents at Felpham may be important in terms of the direction and magnitude of


refAbstractLine:
the transport of sand on the lower profile. Recommendation: the groynes should be constructed to a height of 4.5m


refAbstractLine:
ODN close to the seawall and extend as far out from the wall as economically viable. The scheme should be


refAbstractLine:
complemented by a monitoring programme the monitoring programme will provide valuable data on the transport rates of


refAbstractLine:
sand and shingle and (after 5-10 yeas) allow predictions on the rates at which the beach is lowering to be made.


refAbstractLine:
Three adjacent sectors of the nearshore seabed, extending from Portland Bill to Dungeness (but excluding the Solent)


refAbstractLine:
have been investigated in a 3 year project. Details covered include onshore and offshore bedrock, sea bed sediments,


refAbstractLine:
seabed morphology, bathymetry and Quaternary history, offshore and nearshore sediment transport. Implications for


refAbstractLine:
offshore dredging are addressed. The report is available per sector as digital files which can be overlain (this is not a


refAbstractLine:
Relevant chapters include (2) Solent origins and post-glacial sea level rise; (3) Tide, Physical Oceanography and


refAbstractLine:
Sediments; (4) Solent ecosystems; (6) Shoreline protection; (7) Salt marshes, Spits and Beaches.


refAbstractLine:
This report is devoted to (a) project Plan, and (b) the 'Business Case' for the EA's proposals for managing tidal flooding


refAbstractLine:
and upgrading current defences over a time scale of approximately 30 years. The project plan section covers:


refAbstractLine:
description of existing defences; standards of protection and overtopping vulnerabilities; extreme wave height;


refAbstractLine:
foreshore levels; history of flooding; general geomorphology; ground conditions (including topography); environmental


refAbstractLine:
interests; optional appraisal, including economic cost and benefits: evaluation of preferred scheme.


refAbstractLine:
Project development. Existing Environmental Features. Assessment of Impacts and mitigation measures of chosen


refAbstractLine:
scheme, Impacts (construction, Long term and mitigation) on: geomorphology, salt marsh Habitats, shingle foreshore,


refAbstractLine:
maritime and terrestrial vegetation, brackish ditch and lagoon, bird population, water quality and contaminated land,


refAbstractLine:
landscape and visual amenity, archaeology and cultural heritage.


refAbstractLine:
Summary of environmental effects. Consultation, Environmental Action Plan.


refAbstractLine:
Appendix 4 is a preliminary draft environmental management plan for the salt marsh area.


refAbstractLine:
Background to strategy and review of problems. Alternative schemes, consultation, cost od alternative scheme, choice


refAbstractLine:
of alternative scheme, preferred scheme and recommendations.


refAbstractLine:
Appendix 2. Existing defences. Appendix 4. Topographic Survey. Appendix 5 Ground Investigation.


refAbstractLine:
1. Description of project and Biophysical Environment.


refAbstractLine:
2. Ecological Impact Assessment of alternative defence / protection options.


refAbstractLine:
A summary of earlier studies highlighting the salient coastal processes; geomorphology; pressures and policies;


refAbstractLine:
management options; cost : benefit assessment; recommendations and conclusions regarding preferred options.


refAbstractLine:
1. Annual beach profiles, EA beach monitoring programme.


refAbstractLine:
2. Quarters beach profiles, (critical locations), and post storm inspection or surveys of frontage (in house)


refAbstractLine:
3. Both annual and quarterly beach and sand and shingle sampling for critical locations (spreadsheet format).


refAbstractLine:
1. Annual EA beach monitoring programme data (aerial photography and beach profiles).


refAbstractLine:
3. Defence structures condition survey (annual).


refAbstractLine:
1. Visual cliff stability-inspection report (twice annually).


refAbstractLine:
3. Defence structures condition survey (quarters, but also including immediate post storm site inspections).


refAbstractLine:
1. Biannual beach profiles at <200m intervals (stokes Bay and Lee-on-the-Solent) includes nearshore bathymetry.


refAbstractLine:
2. Biannual beach sediment samples. (undertaken by consultant - data formatted on SANDS system).


refAbstractLine:
3. Annual Defence structures conditions survey (SANDS).


refAbstractLine:
5. Beach profile monitoring  (to commence in 2001).


refAbstractLine:
3. 3 Monthly defence structure condition inspection (report and photographs).


refAbstractLine:
4. Air photos (scales and dates not specified).


refAbstractLine:
1. Annual beach profiles, inc. resurveyed of spot heights (29 survey lines) specific of recession points held as paper record


refAbstractLine:
2. Selective sampling of sediment (non-periodic).


refAbstractLine:
4. Annual condition survey of defence structures (with summary report).


refAbstractLine:
1. EA beach monitoring data (air photo cover and beach profiles).


refAbstractLine:
2. 75 years wind data (database format).


refAbstractLine:
3. Digital air photo / contact print air photos (scales and datasets not specified).


refAbstractLine:
4. Digital OS maps (GIS format) 1, 1250.


refAbstractLine:
5. Paper OS maps, all appropriate scales.


refAbstractLine:
6. Spot height monitoring data for unstable coastal slopes (6 sites).


refAbstractLine:
7. Piezometer and inclinometer real time 9telemetered) data (10 sites).


refAbstractLine:
1. Wave, tide gauge and wind data 9sampling frequency not specified).


refAbstractLine:
2. Digital OS maps (1:10,000) GIS format.


refAbstractLine:
3. Aerial photography (scale and frequency not specified) GIS format.


refAbstractLine:
4. Biannual beach shingle sampling and analysis (spreadsheet format).


refAbstractLine:
5. Biannual beach profiles (spreadsheet format).


refAbstractLine:
6. Piezometer data (83 sites) (spreadsheet format).


refAbstractLine:
7. Inclinometer data 930 sites) (in house database).


refAbstractLine:
8. Annual defence structure condition surveys.


refAbstractLine:
1. 3 Monthly and post storm beach profiles (87 section lines - SAND database storage).


refAbstractLine:
2. Annual bathymetric survey (GIS format).


refAbstractLine:
3. Periodic (>annual) beach sediment sampling (spreadsheet format).


refAbstractLine:
5. Periodic cliff profiles and cliff geology surveys.


refAbstractLine:
9. Post storm and biannual defence structure condition survey (SANDS format).


refAbstractLine:
10. EA beach monitoring programmer data.


refAbstractLine:
1. Biannual beach profile surveys (spreadsheet format) 200-400m spacing


refAbstractLine:
3. Air photos (scales and dates not specified)


refAbstractLine:
1. Biannual and post-storm beach profiles (in house survey), 34 profile sections, spreadsheet and CAD formats.


refAbstractLine:
2. EA beach monitoring programme data 9annual back to 1973).


refAbstractLine:
3. Biannual bathymetric surveys of Langstone and Chichester Harbour entrances (CAD).


refAbstractLine:
4. Annual bathymetric surveys of Hayling Bay (since 1998).


refAbstractLine:
5. Sediment sampling of open coast beach of Hayling Island (annual).


refAbstractLine:
6. Wave data (since 1998) automatic pressure transducer, Hayling Bay (since 1998).


refAbstractLine:
7. Digital OS maps 1:250 and 1:10,00 scales (GIS format).


refAbstractLine:
8. Tide gauge data (twice daily, to 1996) SLM3 format.


refAbstractLine:
10. Defence structures inspection reports (annual) (in house database).


refAbstractLine:
1.Beach profiles: post storm and annual (EA beach monitoring programme) 2,600 profile lines.


refAbstractLine:
3. Selected beach profile sediment sampling (current projects)


refAbstractLine:
4. Wave data and tide gauge data from extreme water level probability analysis.


refAbstractLine:
5. 1, 15,000 aerial photography (annual since 1973) (Digital contact prints)


refAbstractLine:
6. Digital OS maps, scales of between 1:1250 and 1:10,000 (GIS)


refAbstractLine:
7. Project specific tidal current velocities


refAbstractLine:
8. Vegetation (mostly estuaries) and ITE land cover data


refAbstractLine:
10. Asset surveys and national sea defence surveys - post storm and annual, periodic defence structure surveys / reports.


refAbstractLine:
1. Quarterly beach profiles (314 section lines) SANDS format.


refAbstractLine:
3. Annual beach sediment sampling / some quarterly/ biannual/ (SANDS).


refAbstractLine:
6. Tide gauge data; some tidal current measurements.


refAbstractLine:
8. 1:1300 and 1:12500 scale digital aerial photography (approx. 5 year intervals).


refAbstractLine:
9. Digital OS maps, scales of between 1:1250 and 1:10,000.


refAbstractLine:
11. Post Storm and biannual inspection surveys of defence structures.


refAbstractLine:
A brief summary of the construction of eleven rock groynes and replenishment with 300, 000m3 of shingle, on


refAbstractLine:
Lee-on-the-Solent beach, 1996/7. The geological substrate, previous loss of beach volume, mathematical modelling of


refAbstractLine:
wave climate and the application of Halcrow's Beach Plan shape model are briefly stated.


refAbstractLine:
Maps and figures and brief accompanying text, relating to solid geology; surface (drift) geology; sediment processes;


refAbstractLine:
dredging, reclamation and contaminated land; three-dimensional flood perspective; flood-prone and flood risk areas


refAbstractLine:
(using a series of extreme water level return frequencies) and existing coastal defences.


refAbstractLine:
A demonstration of some of the current advantages and uncertainties of strategy plans, using examples which include


refAbstractLine:
the Old Portsmouth Coastal Strategy (1989/0). A set of concepts are suggested which may improve he contribution of a


refAbstractLine:
An inexpensive instrument tower, built to monitor climatic variation in the inter-tidal zone, and deployed experimentally in


refAbstractLine:
north-west Chichester Harbour, is described.


refAbstractLine:
A baseline survey of the geomorphological character; legislative background to conservation designation and


refAbstractLine:
biophysical impacts of proposed defence works. Mitigating measures are briefly outlined.


refAbstractLine:
This study has been carried out to assist in the second stage of a Shoreline Management Plan for the coastline between


refAbstractLine:
Durlston head and Portland Bill in Dorset. The objective of the work here was to derive the wave and tidal conditions


refAbstractLine:
along the shoreline, evaluate the littoral drift patterns and draw conclusions about the sediment budge for this stretch of


refAbstractLine:
An atlas style publication of currents, streams, eddies and overfalls, based in part on OSCAR data compiled and


refAbstractLine:
analysed by British Maritime Technology Ltd. And HR Wallingford. Available from publishers at £4.99


refAbstractLine:
A double sided colour leaflet summarising the main observation of a recent study of coastal slope instability and


refAbstractLine:
ground conditions between Market Hill (central Cowes) and Gurnard Marsh. Its main purpose is to advise homeowners


refAbstractLine:
and developers in the relevant area how they may minimise the effects of potential ground movement.


refAbstractLine:
A review, and summary, of the chronology of discussion and implementation of a programme of groyne and revetment


refAbstractLine:
protection of Clashot beach, together with an indication of future monitoring.


refAbstractLine:
2000 colour and vertical air photos of the county of Dorset, including complete coverage of the coastline.


refAbstractLine:
Particle size analysis of cross-beach samples taken from selected sections of replenished beach, with brief description


refAbstractLine:
of beach morphodynamics at time of field sampling (January 1999).


refAbstractLine:
Although knowledge of the Tertiary Geology of the British Isles has been revolutionised by offshore discoveries arising from


refAbstractLine:
a search for oil and gas, the scientific importance and research potential on the offshore sites remains undiminished.


refAbstractLine:
Such sites have provided and continue to provide a wealth of data which, with information derived from the offshore


refAbstractLine:
record, facilitate an understanding of the geography and palaeoenvironmental conditions in the British area in Tertiary


refAbstractLine:
This volume provides descriptions and a scientific evaluation and interpretation of those GCR sites which have SSSI


refAbstractLine:
status on the grounds of their stratigraphical importance and value in palaeoenvironmental, palaeogeographical and


refAbstractLine:
palaeoclimatological interpretation. Thirty-four Palaeogene sites are described, ranging in age from late Palaeogene to


refAbstractLine:
early Oligocene. Some are the most stratigraphically extensive of Tertiary sites in western Europe and individually


refAbstractLine:
provide a record extending over millions of years. By contrast, the smaller sites may represent a unique environmental or


refAbstractLine:
biota. The twenty-four Neogene sites described are restricted stratigraphically and geographically but together


refAbstractLine:
constitute a network providing a key insight into British Neogene environments.


refAbstractLine:
A summary of the contribution of the Isle of Wight Centre for the Coastal Environment to the LIFE Demonstration


refAbstractLine:
Programme on the Integrated Management of Coastal Zones (1997-99). The main text is on CD ROM, with the booklet


refAbstractLine:
providing a summary. Contents of both cover the rationale of the Demonstration Programme; the variety of coastal zone


refAbstractLine:
uses and institutional structure of CZ management in central southern England; the value of working in partnership;


refAbstractLine:
major issues and locations, with particular reference to the coasts of the Isle of Wight and the Solent; the impact and


refAbstractLine:
value of management plans an strategies; a critical review of existing arrangements for collaboration and consultation


refAbstractLine:
between agencies, NGO's etc; information to aid management decisions, with key generic conclusions; new


refAbstractLine:
technologies as tools for improved management and a concluding section of possible 'ways forward'.


refAbstractLine:
The CD ROM is on Windows 95 with Internet Explorer 4.0/Netscape 4.0 or above.


refAbstractLine:
The extraction of marine aggregates for the construction industry has proved to be an emotive issue throughout the


refAbstractLine:
SCOPAC region due to the large number of licensed areas within its coastal waters. Concerns were raised in relation to


refAbstractLine:
the cumulative effects of aggregate extraction on coastal processes, the benthic environment, fisheries and maritime


refAbstractLine:
archaeology. This scoping study comprised an initial literature review and consultations with eminent scientists and


refAbstractLine:
those involved in the management of dredging licences. The study concludes that there is a suprisingly large amount of


refAbstractLine:
research and data available on the impacts of dredging on marine biology and coastal processes, although this is not


refAbstractLine:
always easy to find or in a very user-friendly format. SCOPAC's concerns in relation to the cumulative effects of


refAbstractLine:
aggregate extraction on these two areas are being addressed to some degree by research being undertaken by CIRIA


refAbstractLine:
and MAFF. The field of marine archaeology has not had the benefit of such research with little known about the effects,


refAbstractLine:
both direct and cumulative, on the archaeological resource and palaeo-environments. This study identifies information


refAbstractLine:
gaps and provides recommendations as to how SCOPAC could address these concerns in the future.


refAbstractLine:
An examination of the policy and practice in England and Wales, since 1992, with respect to development in locations


refAbstractLine:
subject to process and event hazard. Part 1 constitutes the main, general report, whilst Part 2 includes a sample of


refAbstractLine:
case studies. The latter covers the southern Isle of Wight and the open and estuarine coasts of Hayling Island. Part 1


refAbstractLine:
concludes with recommendations for good practice.


refAbstractLine:
A depression in mid North Atlantic in February 1979 moved at a speed such that it generated high waves of unusually


refAbstractLine:
long period and large wavelength. These waves travelled in precisely the right direction to carry them into the English


refAbstractLine:
Channel, where they arrived during a time if spring tides and when low barometric pressure contributed to long waves


refAbstractLine:
impinging high on the foreshore, causing appreciable damage to sea defences and property particularly at Chiswell,


refAbstractLine:
Unpublished summaries of papers relating to: Waves, Tides, Currents; Beaches, Structures and the Nearshore Zone;


refAbstractLine:
Cliff Instability; Airborne Remote Sensing; the Management of Coastal Data; Case Studies relating to the frontage of


refAbstractLine:
A review of recent and ongoing developments in shoreline management in the UK, with specific reference to regional


refAbstractLine:
coastal groups. The example of SCOPAC is developed and  the major recommendations of the 'Critique and Strategy'


refAbstractLine:
study (University of Portsmouth, 1999) are outlined in the broader context of its achievements and potential


refAbstractLine:
Update to earlier reports detailing condition of artificial defences; viability of natural defences; Class A condition


refAbstractLine:
defences; residency and maintenance status. Rates of erosion of natural defences, 1995-6 are given, together with


refAbstractLine:
condition classes, residual life changes and all other significant changes 1995-6.


refAbstractLine:
A wide ranging review of the valuation of environmental resources in the context of coastal defence schemes. Several


refAbstractLine:
case studies are used, particularly using contingent valuation methodology, one of which involves the erosion of


refAbstractLine:
archaeological and historical assets on Hamble Common, Southampton Water.


refAbstractLine:
Index includes the following relevant directory sites:


refAbstractLine:
1. Historic heritage and maritime archaeology


refAbstractLine:
A critical review of the organisational structure, objectives and achievements of SCOPAC since its inception is


refAbstractLine:
presented as the basis for a series of linked recommendations on its future development. These related specifically to


refAbstractLine:
regional SMP's; research activities and the wider spectrum of SCOPAC's activities in promoting shoreline management


refAbstractLine:
in central southern England. Proposed revised terms of reference are set out, together with a number of suggested


refAbstractLine:
specific actions. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the principal geomorphological features and process characteristics


refAbstractLine:
of the SCOPAC coastline, integrated with appropriate maps in volume 2. The latter include: geology, geomorphology,


refAbstractLine:
wave climates, tidal currents; Holocene and contemporary sea level rise; sediment transport inputs, pathways, stores


refAbstractLine:
and sinks, major estuaries, defence and protection, littoral cell boundaries, regional shoreline management plans,


refAbstractLine:
coastal zone and estuary management plans, conservation sites and designations and regional land uses.


refAbstractLine:
A synopsis of a report to SCOPAC by RACER (University of Portsmouth) with the same title as this paper (see separate


refAbstractLine:
abstract). The methodology of the approach to reviewing and evaluating SCOPAC's achievements and potential are


refAbstractLine:
outlined, followed by recommendations relating to its Aims, Objectives, Organisational structure, Research programme


refAbstractLine:
and relationship to SMP's and regional SMP groups. Conclusions highlight the major areas where SCOPAC should


refAbstractLine:
make a major contribution to both regional and national development of shoreline management.


refAbstractLine:
Major developments in the contribution of geomorphology to engineering and environmental management have taken


refAbstractLine:
place over the past ten years in the United Kingdom, particularly in the coastal and fluvial spheres. Considerable


refAbstractLine:
achievements have been gained in raising awareness of the nature of geomorphic process and their dynamics, and


refAbstractLine:
how the understanding of geomorphology can aid effective management and decisions on engineering strategies.


refAbstractLine:
Specifically, this has meant gaining an understanding of interconnectedness in geomorphic systems and the long-term


refAbstractLine:
variability of processes and landforms. Radical changes in both policies and decision-making frameworks have taken


refAbstractLine:
place such that the approach to structures have been implemented to facilitate and encourage integrated planning.


refAbstractLine:
Such changes have not, of course, occurred from the influence of geomorphologists alone, but they do align policy


refAbstractLine:
much more with geomorphological principles than in the past. Examples are presented of geomorphological


refAbstractLine:
involvement in coastal engineering in Britain. Engineering morphology is now in a second phase of answering


refAbstractLine:
geomorphological questions, providing geomorphological information, and implementing management in accordance


refAbstractLine:
with the principles advocated. This is involving much case-study work at specific locations. A third phase of major


refAbstractLine:
development in the future is envisaged in this paper, mainly stemming from the major changes in geomorphology itself


refAbstractLine:
and underlain by radical alterations of scientific theories, philosophy and methods. This will involve modelling and


refAbstractLine:
predicting responses in ways that adequately deal with the complexity, positive feedback, non-linearity and holism.


refAbstractLine:
Questions remain, with regard to the links between geomorphology and engineering, about the type of predictions that


refAbstractLine:
are possible and acceptable, and about the extent to which geomorphology will provide solutions, both nationally and internationally.


refAbstractLine:
The institutional structure and organisational framework of shoreline management in England and Wales is based on a


refAbstractLine:
distinction between coastal protection (against erosion) and defence (against flooding). This, together with the


refAbstractLine:
devolution of operational responsibility to local and regional authorities, has encouraged a parochial and non-strategic


refAbstractLine:
management approach. In an effort to promote co-ordination, consultation and longer-term goals, non-statutory


refAbstractLine:
Regional Coastal Groups have been created on the initiative of the operational bodies. Their relative strengths and


refAbstractLine:
weaknesses are reviewed, with particular reference to SCOPAC (Standing Conference on Problems Associated with


refAbstractLine:
the Coastline), on the south-central coast. The achievements, and further potential, of SCOPAC suggest that it is an


refAbstractLine:
appropriate model for the future development of Regional Coastal Groups. Opportunities for progress, particularly in the


refAbstractLine:
context of formal Shoreline Management Plans, are identified.


refAbstractLine:
A detailed review of the attributes and shortcomings of the first generation SMP's, generating a set of recommendations


refAbstractLine:
for revision of guidance by MAFF. Volume 2 is a draft guide for operating authorities that incorporate recommended


refAbstractLine:
practise. The review was based on a selection of 16 SMPs, which included South Downs; Pagham to River Solent


refAbstractLine:
(East Solent); Hurst Spit to Durlston Head (Poole and Christchurch Bays); and Portland bill to Rame Head (Lyme Bay


refAbstractLine:
and South Devon). Appendix 3 included metric tables covering detailed review and commentary on each of these,


refAbstractLine:
derived from both objective analysis and selected interviews with personnel from the SMP 'Lead' Authorities, EA, etc.


refAbstractLine:
In total 453 defence elements are categorised as condition Class 4: a condition requiring significant works within the


refAbstractLine:
next 5 years to the defence element. This represents 8.2% of the total number of defences and 8% (163.3km) of the


refAbstractLine:
the above represents an increase of 6.4% in the number, and 11.7% in the length of Class 4 defence elements since the baseline survey in 1994. See section 2.3.


refAbstractLine:
A high level of residency is evident, with 70% of defences being categorised as Class 4 since the original 1991 survey.


refAbstractLine:
The regional variation is significant, for example, in the York area 78% of defences are resident since 1994, whilst in the


refAbstractLine:
Cambridge Area 63% of Class 4 defences are new in this year's survey, see section 2.3 and 2.4.


refAbstractLine:
There is a significant increase in the number of Class 4 defences now being included in long term plans, such as


refAbstractLine:
Shoreline Management Plans. In the 1996 survey, some 50% of Class 4 defences did not have a policy assigned, this


refAbstractLine:
has dropped in 20% in this year's survey. See section 2.3.


refAbstractLine:
processes, regimes and current defence management for both the estuarine and open coast frontage. Guidance for


refAbstractLine:
Hayling Island given in the East Solent SMP, and a history of flooding occurrences; defence performance and


refAbstractLine:
standards or service, provides the context of identifying problems and their solutions in a strategic setting. A summary


refAbstractLine:
of preferred options and their attendant risks and mitigation (taking account of environmental impacts) are compared


refAbstractLine:
with the recommendations of the SMP. (Volume 1 contains text; Volume 1a accompanying figures only).


refAbstractLine:
A description and review of the characteristics of the physical and biological environments, uses and conservation


refAbstractLine:
status of the sublittoral zone (low water to 6km offshore). Chapters on physical features; site information (mostly substrate


refAbstractLine:
types and human structures); habitats and communities; human uses and influences; management, legislation and


refAbstractLine:
conservation interests; proposals for further ecology survey work.


refAbstractLine:
Detailed evaluation of the range of possible strategic defence options for defined units of this frontage, based on


refAbstractLine:
scoping of coastal evolution, processes, existing defences, environmental and economic matters. Appendices


refAbstractLine:
give technical detail and include History of Defences; Geomorphological Overview and Review of Policy Options;


refAbstractLine:
Strategic Environmental Assessment; Economic Appraisal for each Operational Unit; Consultation; Risk


refAbstractLine:
A field guide for use by divers in identifying over 190 species of marine plants and animals in nearshore and offshore


refAbstractLine:
habitats off the Sussex coast. Illustrated by 350 colour photos. Some notes on seabed and substrate conditions


refAbstractLine:
are included. Price £15, obtainable from the Marine Conservation Society (01989 - 566017), not the publisher.


refAbstractLine:
Proceedings of a seminar convened by CHC in April 1998, which included synopses of locally specific papers on the


refAbstractLine:
modelling of tidal processes, inter tidal invertebrates, the subtidal environment, managed retreat and new saltmarsh


refAbstractLine:
creation at Thornham, and GIS related to the study of environmental change.


refAbstractLine:
A baseline survey of the geomorphological character; legislative background to conservation designations and


refAbstractLine:
An objective description of the physical and ecological attributes of this frontage, focussing on wildlife habitats.


refAbstractLine:
The planning framework and an assessment of the likely effects (and possible mitigating measures) of the proposed


refAbstractLine:
A review and summary of the natural features an wildlife of the area, with an evaluation of what makes it distinctive.


refAbstractLine:
Chapter 6, on Physical Features, covers coastal geology, geomorphological development, contemporary sediment


refAbstractLine:
cells, transport processes and offshore relief. There is also a brief section on estuaries, saltmarsh and grazing marsh


refAbstractLine:
in the chapter on Key Wildlife Habitats.


refAbstractLine:
A review and description of the marine conservation interest and conservation significance of the nearshore


refAbstractLine:
environment of the Sussex coast. Chapter 2 summaries the salient geomorphological features and substrate conditions;


refAbstractLine:
site descriptions are given in the concluding section. The remaining text is devoted to biological communities and other


refAbstractLine:
ecological characteristics as a contribution to the selection of MSNCI's.


refAbstractLine:
Seven papers addressing the methodology and issues involved in evaluating and quantifying the costs and benefits


refAbstractLine:
associated with the intangible assets of the shoreline environment in the context of coastal defence and protection


refAbstractLine:
schemes and projects and shoreline management procedures. Only one paper is region specific (abstracted separately);


refAbstractLine:
the remainder reviews and interprets the philosophy and practice of non-quantifiable assets (amenity, historical and


refAbstractLine:
cultural legacy, habitats, etc.); case studies from the UK are referred to in several papers. Discussion of the papers


refAbstractLine:
An environmental statement detailing physical, ecological and socio-economic impacts likely to be associated with the


refAbstractLine:
construction of new defences. This is proceeded by a background description, including coastal processes; present


refAbstractLine:
defences and proposed new defence design; ecological attributed of brackish lagoons of the Duver, and


refAbstractLine:
concludes with an assessment that includes possible mitigation measures.


refAbstractLine:
A brief account of the current nature and standard of defences, and the proposals for their upgrading, as background t


refAbstractLine:
o the physical and ecological attributes of the intertidal and backshore beach and brackish lagoons / freshwater


refAbstractLine:
grasslands of Seaview Duver. Background and key issues are presented relating to water / sediment quality;


refAbstractLine:
coastal process; protection, defence and land drainage; landscape and visual qualities and several other socio -


refAbstractLine:
economic attributes. This is followed by an environmental statement of potential impacts of the preferred protection


refAbstractLine:
option and concludes with a summary of salient points and recommendations.


refAbstractLine:
A review of existing physical and ecological conditions and attributes of the site, with an assessment of potential impacts


refAbstractLine:
arising from the construction of proposed defence works. All defence options are considered, but emphasis on the


refAbstractLine:
technically preferred scheme site description is followed by an account of habitats, including the low-lying marsh


refAbstractLine:
and brackish lagoons of the Duver as well as the littoral zone. Ecological significance is scoped, and generates


refAbstractLine:
Site descriptions of littoral habitats in the vacinity of the dredged approach channel and mouth of Wootton Creek. This


refAbstractLine:
survey was carried out in anticipation of future dredging of the navigation channel; potential impacts and mitigation


refAbstractLine:
during construction work and subsequent operation for the East and West Banks are outlined. The local and regional


refAbstractLine:
conservation significance of sites are given and a set of recommendations relating to mitigation are made.


refAbstractLine:
Report focuses on in situ shear strength measures of sediments from channel boundaries of intertidal marsh 'islands'


refAbstractLine:
concentrating on areas where vegetation cover is minimal. Shear strength values are compared to Atterberg limits;


refAbstractLine:
organic and moisture content; sands / fines ratios and modal grain size. Poor relationships occur between shear strength attributes and physical


refAbstractLine:
properties, with good correlation with Atterberg limits and soil physical properties. The latter helps to demonstrate a


refAbstractLine:
positive relationship between field measures of shear strength and erodibility indices.


refAbstractLine:
Brief background of existing seawall and predecessor protection structures, followed by outline of proposed alternative


refAbstractLine:
new seawall(s) and their environmental advantages and disadvantages.


refAbstractLine:
Concern for the long-term survival of the Lymington saltmarshes has increased in recent years, as the estuary is


refAbstractLine:
experiencing significantly rapid areal loss of saltmarsh by erosion. Sustainable saltmarsh system management needs


refAbstractLine:
to balance the often conflicting socio-economic requirements of commercial, recreational and coastal defence needs


refAbstractLine:
with conservation interests; this requires a sound understanding of the physical, ecological and socio-economic


refAbstractLine:
environment. The concept of using dredged sediment as a resource, for inter-tidal recharge presents a potentially


refAbstractLine:
sustainable option. Inter-tidal recharge techniques that make beneficial use of dredged material, have been described


refAbstractLine:
and evaluated and theoretically applied to the Lymington saltmarsh study area. Possible trial site locations are identified,


refAbstractLine:
in order to concentrate potential future resources on feasible and viable approaches. It is recommended that direct


refAbstractLine:
placement and trickle charge techniques, that increase sediment availability, should be used in combination with


refAbstractLine:
retention and stabilisation techniques due to the net-loss of sediment from the Lymington estuarine system.


refAbstractLine:
Such techniques include planting and transplanting of existing vegetation species within the saltmarsh system.


refAbstractLine:
Inter-tidal recharge techniques that beneficially 'recycles' and retains dredged sediment, would provide an innovative,


refAbstractLine:
sustainable and practical approach for saltmarsh systems management within the Lymington estuary. Inter-tidal


refAbstractLine:
recharge and saltmarsh restoration research, cost-effective monitoring and data exchange are essential to identify


refAbstractLine:
and justify best saltmarsh and inter-tidal foreshore management practice.


refAbstractLine:
A brief introduction on geology and topography followed by detailed description of 8 Borehole profile pits. Most are


refAbstractLine:
estuarine soils. The maps have no indicative scale.


refAbstractLine:
Most of this report is concerned with the present status of conservation, but it is prefaced by a summary of the


refAbstractLine:
harbour environment and its history over recent centuries.


refAbstractLine:
Temperate, mesotidal salt marshes are usually good 'geochemical recorders' of pollutant input. Dated salt marsh cores


refAbstractLine:
from the Hamble, Itchen (Southampton Water), and Beaulieu estuaries (southern U.K.) are assessed. Sediments


refAbstractLine:
show clear labelling from effluents, which varies depending on their proximity to major urban or industrial areas.


refAbstractLine:
For elements where input is dominantly from a single source and periods of peak discharge are known (i.e., Cu, Cs, and


refAbstractLine:
Co), historical records of pollutant input can be reconstructed, provided redistribution through sediment mixing or


refAbstractLine:
early diagenetic processes is minimal. Where the pollutant has a range of sources (I.e, Pb) or where physical mixing


refAbstractLine:
in-estuary produces a time integrated signal, it can prove extremely difficult to relate concentration depth profiles to


refAbstractLine:
discharge histories. Using concentration and stable Pb isotape data, the observed temporal input of Pd to these


refAbstractLine:
marshes is shown to reflect complex, mixed marine/atmospheric input from regional (automobile emission) and local


refAbstractLine:
(urban/industrial) sources. While general trends in pollutant loading may still be observed, it is extremely difficult to


refAbstractLine:
reconstruct accurately temporal trends in Pb input and sources of Pb in these estuaries using salt marsh records due


refAbstractLine:
to the importance of local, poor-defined Pb sources and in-estuary mixing processes.


refAbstractLine:
The recent history of the saltmarshes adjacent to Fawley oil refinery indicates significant recovery after earlier negative


refAbstractLine:
impacts arising from oil spillage and effluent discharge. Environmental monitoring of water temperatures, salinity, soil


refAbstractLine:
and water pH, sediment pollutants and species composition, since the early 1970's, reveals that much of the saltmarsh


refAbstractLine:
has now returned to its pre-1951 condition. Details of the active saltmarsh management approach, including sub-tidal


refAbstractLine:
monitoring of the animal population are given. Improvements in the quality of effluent discharge are a major contributor


refAbstractLine:
In support of the project to create Dibden terminal, environmental thresholds have been identified for the use during


refAbstractLine:
A description of proposed scheme, comprising widening of eastern edges of deep water channel by 18m, along a


refAbstractLine:
length of 525m. Estimated quantity of dredged material will be 22,000m3. Estuarine hydrodynamics and geomorphology


refAbstractLine:
are briefly reviewed in contexts of construction and operational impacts and mitigation measures. Water quality, ecology and habitat conservation are similarly reviewed, leading to conclusions on cumulative dredging impacts.


refAbstractLine:
A review of the environmental resources, human history and character of the Wester Yar estuary and immediately


refAbstractLine:
adjacent open coastline. Part D outlines a series of policy statements, which include physical processes, landscape


refAbstractLine:
A scoping report covering coastal processes and monitoring; natural and human environments in the context of SMP's


refAbstractLine:
covering the Solent shorelines; SMP and recommended strategic studies; including progress since SMP's were


refAbstractLine:
completed; general recommendations with specific reference to coastal strategy studies covering discrete frontages


refAbstractLine:
within the Solent environment. There is a final summary of studies that should be commissioned by the EA.


refAbstractLine:
A review of progress towards Biodiversity planning in the UK is presented. This framework provides a strategy to target


refAbstractLine:
the conservation of coastal habitats and species. Furthermore it has the potential to foster a co-ordinated partnership


refAbstractLine:
approach. Data is drawn from the web site of the UK Biodiversity Group, national conferences and local working group


refAbstractLine:
deliberation. This material has been evaluated and related to primary research undertaken on local saltmarshes.


refAbstractLine:
dredging and recharge operations. These relate to dissolved oxygen, suspended sediments and the reate of inter-tidal


refAbstractLine:
deposition during dredging works. They were developed to protect inter-tidal and other estuarine habitats and migratory


refAbstractLine:
salmon. They will be used within a feedback monitoring programme that will identify spatial and temporal trends in


refAbstractLine:
changing water quality conditions during dredging operations.


refAbstractLine:
A habitat has been designed to benefit from intertidal sediment recharge using spoil material from Dibden Bay Terminal


refAbstractLine:
site. The benefits of recharge include improved sediment quality; increased intertidal mudflat area; reduced energy


refAbstractLine:
incident on the shore achieved by bed level shallowing of 0.3 to 0.5m , and improved nature conservation value.


refAbstractLine:
Details of controlled placement of recharge (fine grained) sediments are given and have been determined by reference


refAbstractLine:
to recharge schemes elsewhere in the UK. Numerical modelling of suspended sediment concentrations during


refAbstractLine:
construction are given, plus deposition outside the recharge area. The scheme will offer some benefit against long


refAbstractLine:
term sea level rise. Long term monitoring of physical, morphological and biological parameters is outlines.


refAbstractLine:
detailed proposals of the morphological design of an intertidal creek on the Dibden reclaim site, as an integral part of


refAbstractLine:
the overall project. Morphological data was collected to enable the design of a stable creek configuration, covering


refAbstractLine:
approx. 34 ha. of intertidal habitat. Existing surface water flows will be incorporated at the head of the creek and will be


refAbstractLine:
sufficient to prevent channel siltation. There will be allowance for the creek to adjust to sea level rise.


refAbstractLine:
The technical practicalities and environmental benefits of the recreation of tidal wetlands (particularly saltmarsh) are


refAbstractLine:
reviewed, with brief reference to the achievements of multi-agency co-operation in San Francisco Bay. The harbours


refAbstractLine:
of the Solent, and the Solent itself, are considered to be well suited to a major project involving both dredged material


refAbstractLine:
and setback, based on both existing knowledge of dynamic processes and institutional / public support (strategic


refAbstractLine:
An evaluation of the likely environmental impacts on the marine environment as a capital dredging, berth construction,


refAbstractLine:
the deposition of dredged soil. Foreshore recharge and habitat creation and terminal operation at Dibden. Possible


refAbstractLine:
changes to physical processes, sediment movement and water quality are examined in detail. The incorporation of a


refAbstractLine:
proposed feedback monitoring programme will ensure balance between environmental protection and construction


refAbstractLine:
activities. It will monitor key variables in relation to defined thresholds. The physical evolution, present hydrodynamic


refAbstractLine:
regime and marine (inc. intertidal) environment of Southampton Water are described, and the main changes envisaged


refAbstractLine:
are outlined (see other reports in this series, separately abstracted) it is considered that these changes will not create any unacceptable impacts.


refAbstractLine:
A range of issues that make local Biodiversity planning for coastal habitats particularly challenging are highlighted.


refAbstractLine:
These include the dynamic nature of the coastal environment; variable baseline data; a mismatch between designation


refAbstractLine:
and reality; the interface with other management initiatives, such as Shoreline Management Planning; and the efficacy


refAbstractLine:
of Biodiversity action plans set within administrative rather than ecosystem boundaries. Considerations for Hampshire


refAbstractLine:
saltmarsh habitat are explained in more detail to illustrate some difficulties being experienced. In particular the integrated


refAbstractLine:
nature of coastal habitats means that saltmarshes cannot be considered in isolation. The problems of maintaining a target


refAbstractLine:
of no net loss for local saltmarsh are discussed.


refAbstractLine:
English Nature's draft advice to relevant authorities as to (a) conservation objectives, and (b) operations which might


refAbstractLine:
cause deterioration of natural habitats for the Solent Maritime European Marine site. Detailed inventories of existing


refAbstractLine:
habitats and their conservation status is given, with tabulated summaries integrating common or shared characteristics.


refAbstractLine:
Lyme Regis has a history of instability which affects the developed and undeveloped areas of the town, much of which


refAbstractLine:
has been constructed on a series of relict degraded landslide. The landslides were formed in post-glacial times within


refAbstractLine:
an interbedded sequence of Lower Lias and Cretaceous strata which have a gentle dip to the south east. The seawalls


refAbstractLine:
were placed at the toe of the steep and unstable coastal slopes and erosion prior to their construction has resulted in


refAbstractLine:
contemporary instability, and reactivation and regression of the landslides up to 600m inland. A combination of slow


refAbstractLine:
ground movements and less frequent major landslide events have resulted in damage or loss of section of the coastal


refAbstractLine:
defences, property, services and infrastructure throughout Lyme Regis. The results of the studies have been presented


refAbstractLine:
in the form of a series of interpretative ground model sections, selected to coincide with each main landslide system


refAbstractLine:
and key instability features identified during the geomorphological mapping. A total of 18 ground models were prepared


refAbstractLine:
for the study area, of which two specific examples have been selected in this paper to show the main mechanisms of


refAbstractLine:
failure and the influence of the geology and morphology on the development of the landslides in Lyme Regis.


refAbstractLine:
In recent years there has been a shift in the focus of cliff recession priorities in the UK, away from the unprotected coast


refAbstractLine:
towards the maintenance and improvement of both the existing defences and the protected slopes behind. It has


refAbstractLine:
becomes increasing apparent that whilst the prevention of marine erosion at the cliff foot has reduced the potential for


refAbstractLine:
cliff recession and landsliding, it has not eliminated it. The internal slope processes of weathering, strain-softening,


refAbstractLine:
creep and the recovery of depressed pore water pressures can continue to cause failures many years later. Problems


refAbstractLine:
are also experienced as a result of the progressive deterioration of toe protection structures and associated slope


refAbstractLine:
stabilisation works. When considering the landslide risks in such settings, it is not possible to use conventional methods


refAbstractLine:
of extrapolating past cliff recession rates or using the historical frequency of events as an indication of future problems,


refAbstractLine:
because erosion may have been prevented by the defences for a long period. An alternative strategy is required and it is


refAbstractLine:
suggested that the structured use of expert judgement and subjective probability assessment using event trees can be


refAbstractLine:
a useful tool in this context. This paper presents an example of such an approach, developed to assess landslide risks


refAbstractLine:
at Lyme Regis, on the south coast of the UK.


refAbstractLine:
Details of instrumentation and an outline approach philosophy for the long-term monitoring strategy of unstable cliffs


refAbstractLine:
carried out as part of the Lyme Regis Environmental Improvements Studies Programme. Some sample types of results are


refAbstractLine:
presented and briefly discussed. Monitoring provides quantitative data on location, rate, magnitude and distribution of


refAbstractLine:
landslide movements and ground water variation. It will be fed into future designs for slope stabilisation and provides


refAbstractLine:
information to early warning of potential landslide activity.


refAbstractLine:
A historical narrative of the attempt to enclose and drain the Fleet by a private syndicate commencing in 1620, and


refAbstractLine:
finally abandoned some ten years later. A wall was built and the higher tidal level reduced, but both field and archival


refAbstractLine:
evidence is inconclusive about the details. Failure was due to technical difficulties and a legal challenge from the


refAbstractLine:
crown asserting its rights over brackish waters. This scheme has had negligible impact on the modern configuration


refAbstractLine:
A narrative of the effect of recent flooding at Chiswell, with anecdotal material on its implications and means of


refAbstractLine:
alleviation (an article, "Portland ad the Politicians" by Nick Leach-Bing, pp9-13 in the same issue, recounts the political


refAbstractLine:
lobbying and its response, in attempting to gain compensation for flood losses incurred during the surge event of


refAbstractLine:
Two sub cell boundaries between Lyme Regis and Charmouth are identified from analysis of the patterns of size, sorting


refAbstractLine:
and shape of beach sediments and implications of longshore sediment transport. The effects of shoreline protection


refAbstractLine:
structures, particularly those at Charmouth, are postulated have effects on eastwards (downdrift) transport, and may constitute a significant sub-cell boundary effect.


refAbstractLine:
The coastal sediment budget of West Dorset (M. Bray) provides an introduction to three separate sections on (i) The


refAbstractLine:
Chesil Beach and The Fleet; (11) the Isle of Portland, devoted to aspects of cliff instability and geotechnics; (iii) Lyme


refAbstractLine:
Regis, Black Ven and the Spittles. The last section also contains a majority of contributions of slope instability and


refAbstractLine:
landslide dynamics. Each section contains short papers indicating recent research, ongoing investigations and


refAbstractLine:
requirements for future research. A final section, of four papers, addresses the "geotourism" prospect and potential of the


refAbstractLine:
proposed World Heritage status for the Dorset coast, with special reference to geology and geomorphology.


refAbstractLine:
A brief review of possible climate change scenarios that could affect wave, tidal water levels and fluvial flow conditions


refAbstractLine:
within the next 50 years. Sea-level change is assumed (by MAFF) to be 5mm/year; after 25 years, this could create a


refAbstractLine:
water level of 2.8m ODN with a 1 year return period (currently 10 years). A trend of rising wave heights has been


refAbstractLine:
observed (in Task 2.1 report) some 4mm/yr for 22 year run of near shore wave data. A good deal of uncertainty applies


refAbstractLine:
A review of the causes and mechanics of flooding along the West Bay frontage, resulting from both fluvial and tidal


refAbstractLine:
surge, storm surge and a review of available data and recommended additional data collection to facilitate later phases


refAbstractLine:
of this study. A detailed chronology of flood events affecting Bridport Harbour back to the mid eighteenth century, is


refAbstractLine:
given followed by assessments of damage to the harbour mouth, East Beach and West Beach within the most recent


refAbstractLine:
20 years. A framework for proposed flood risk mapping and study methodology is given.


refAbstractLine:
A physically validated statistical wave overtopping method of existing defences at West Bay, using wind wave data for


refAbstractLine:
base prediction and flume experimentation, has produced overtopping prediction (discharge rates) for each frontage


refAbstractLine:
section. This has been achieved for stated water level return periods for a wide range of storm conditions and applied


refAbstractLine:
to the West Bay seawall system as a whole.


refAbstractLine:
A summary of oil and gas exploration and exploitation within the Dorset Coastal Zone and adjacent offshore region. The


refAbstractLine:
block licensing process; the main instructional regulators; exploration and development history since-mid 1930's; a map


refAbstractLine:
of current activity in hydrocarbon exploitation; conditions of planning permission and future prospects are each


refAbstractLine:
summarised. The integration of oil and gas activity with other uses of the coastal zone poses a series of questions


refAbstractLine:
including policy direction for future development.


refAbstractLine:
A summary of coastal defences and protection issues on the Dorset coast, covering the overall spatial pattern of


refAbstractLine:
defence provision; the institutional structure; a map of major defences; strategic approaches; 'soft' engineering; cost


refAbstractLine:
benefit evaluation; planning issues and sea-level rise. The integration of shoreline management with other coastal uses


refAbstractLine:
and activities is reviewed and questions about future policy directions are posed.


refAbstractLine:
Marine dredged and sea borne sand and gravel are of significance to the long term maintenance of the county's coastal


refAbstractLine:
defences. This topic paper reviews demand; the probable shortfall from terrestrial sources and the potential alternatives.


refAbstractLine:
Marine aggregates are an important but not necessary sustainable resource. The main regulating agencies and


refAbstractLine:
procedures are summarised together with the planning regime and a map of current activity. Several questions are


refAbstractLine:
A brief summary of two sampling surveys to determine fluxes of DIP, which revealed a clear seasonal pattern. Peaks


refAbstractLine:
coincide with high flows and throughput appears to have increased in recent years ( after a fall from 1985-1995).


refAbstractLine:
Reasons for this are suggested. The dominant control of DIP flux is the discharge input from rivers (i.e. freshwater input


refAbstractLine:
into the Solent estuary). Biological uptake processes (e.g. algae growth) only occur over short timescales, thus much of


refAbstractLine:
the total flux reaches the Solent unmodified.


refAbstractLine:
A brief review of research into palaeovalley forms and sediment infills that are (I) entrenched through the former chalk


refAbstractLine:
ridge south of Poole Bay;  (ii) head into, but do not fully penetrate the outcrop of chalk south of Christchurch Bay.


refAbstractLine:
This leads to the conclusion that the upper "Solent River" was disrupted before the Holocene transgression and that


refAbstractLine:
Poole Bay was submerged at an early stage in sea-level rise. The opening up and inundation of Christchurch Bay


refAbstractLine:
occurred later approximately 7 to 7,500 years B.P. This conclusion is supported by the nature of the sediments infilling


refAbstractLine:
the two distinctive sets of palaeovalleys.


refAbstractLine:
The main issues addressed by the workshop are outlined, followed by a series of suggested research and


refAbstractLine:
management priorities for (a) SMP outputs; (b) the realisation of managed retreat options; (c) contemporary and


refAbstractLine:
predicted relative sea-level rise; (d) salt marsh erosion; (e) navigational dredging; (f) design and monitoring of coastal


refAbstractLine:
defences. Other specific recommendations or observations on information needs (from session speakers) are details at


refAbstractLine:
the conclusion of this brief summary of issues.


refAbstractLine:
A summary of the main areas of future research activity needed to achieve improved understanding of the functional


refAbstractLine:
characteristics, behaviour and management of the Solent biophysical system. These are, primarily; (I) monitoring /


refAbstractLine:
measurement and data inventory; (ii) physical and ecosystem processes; (iii) management approaches, including the


refAbstractLine:
training of personnel and the engagement of interest by other agencies and the public. Problems of communicating


refAbstractLine:
scientific ideas and data need to be solved before much effective progress is possible.


refAbstractLine:
Report of visual survey of the condition of the island's coastline accessible to the public. This covers areas of active


refAbstractLine:
cliff erosion and their defence; beach width and composition adjacent to both eroding and stable elements of the


refAbstractLine:
shoreline; tidal and wind regime. Causes and consequences of cliff erosion and the effectiveness of present cliff and


refAbstractLine:
beach defence structures are qualitatively reviewed and evaluated. Some informal recommendations and proposals for


refAbstractLine:
both monitoring and limited upgrading of defences are outlined.


refAbstractLine:
habitats off the Sussex coast. Illustrated by 350 colour photos. Some notes on seabed and substrate conditions included.


refAbstractLine:
Available from the Marine Conservation Society (01989 566017) not the publisher.


refAbstractLine:
Proceedings of a seminar convened by CHC in April 1998, which includes synopses of locally - specific papers on the


refAbstractLine:
modelling of tidal processes; intertidal invertebrates; the subtidal environments; managed retreat and new saltmarsh


refAbstractLine:
creation, at Thornham, and GIS related to the study of environmental change.


refAbstractLine:
A non-statutory status estuary management plan that reviews developments since the original plan (1988) and put


refAbstractLine:
forwards preferred policies relating to future approaches. Relevant sections include processes and sea defences;


refAbstractLine:
reclamation and dredging; water quality and nature conservation.


refAbstractLine:
The work in this paper aims to develop a Geographic Information System (GIS) to hold and display environmental and


refAbstractLine:
archaeological data for the analysis of an inter-tidal zone. Langstone Harbour on the south coast of Hampshire, England,


refAbstractLine:
forms the study area. The work is being carried out with the support of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds


refAbstractLine:
(RSPB) and Hampshire County Council. As it was found that existing topographic mapping would not provide a suitable


refAbstractLine:
topographic base for such an inter-tidal area, metric aerial photography and analytical photogrammetry were employed


refAbstractLine:
to create a detailed topographic base. The photogrammetric models were fitted with a control network established


refAbstractLine:
using a high precision differential Global Positioning System (GPS). Recorded three-dimensional co-ordinated of


refAbstractLine:
archaeological finds and structures will allow the comparison between environmental and locational contexts of coastal


refAbstractLine:
archaeological structures. This will greatly enlarge the available archaeological data sets, adding value to the data, as


refAbstractLine:
well as assisting the study o sea level change and wider coastal processes. Conversion and integration of other


refAbstractLine:
environmental data is adding further layers of GIS.


refAbstractLine:
This study examines the geological history of Hayling Island and Langstone Harbour. The nature and origin of the


refAbstractLine:
sediments in these areas are studies, utilising geological composition, physical characteristics and particle size data.


refAbstractLine:
A model is developed to account for the development of Langstone Harbour which is placed in a regional; context


refAbstractLine:
associated with Holocene sea level changes and pre- existing fluvial drainage patterns following Pleistocene glacial


refAbstractLine:
A review of the geomorphology and process regime, and past history of defence and protection, is used as the basis for


refAbstractLine:
examining future strategic defence policy options. These are evaluated for their respective benefits and impacts and


refAbstractLine:
subjected to risk and sensitivity analysis. This report concludes with recommendations for a preferred option and


refAbstractLine:
The planning framework and an assessment of the likely effects (and possible mitigating measures) of proposed


refAbstractLine:
A brief joint probability estimation and analysis of waves and water levels as a sequence of return intervals between


refAbstractLine:
once per year to 1 in 200 years. This is placed in the context of property and other asset surveys and a review  of


refAbstractLine:
existing defences, to give an estimation of the magnitudes and cots, of potential property damage.


refAbstractLine:
Hayling Island is given in the East Solent SMP and a history of flood occurrences; defence performance and standards


refAbstractLine:
of service, provides the context for identifying problems and their solutions in a strategic setting. A summary of preferred


refAbstractLine:
options and their attendant risk and mitigation (taking account of environmental impacts) are compared with the


refAbstractLine:
recommendation of the SMP. (Volume 1 contains text, Volume 1a accompanying figures only).


refAbstractLine:
The emphasis of this report is on the navigational hazards presented by the entrance channel to Chichester Harbour,


refAbstractLine:
particularly the ebb delta or 'Bar' and the consequences of dredging and removal of sediment from the sub cell budget.


refAbstractLine:
This is prefaced by a review of the geomorphology and previous management of both the nearshore and shoreline


refAbstractLine:
environments, including an assessment of the impacts of previous dredging. Havant B.C. does not propose dredging as


refAbstractLine:
a source of sediment for periodic re-supply of the replenished beach of the southern frontage of the Eastoke Peninsula,


refAbstractLine:
but can use such material should it become available. This report concludes with a suggested mode of operation for


refAbstractLine:
A sequence of maps, figures and text covering: (a) historical context - general geology and geomorphic evolution;


refAbstractLine:
beach morphodynamics; development of defence structures and history of flooding. (B) Coastal processes - water


refAbstractLine:
levels, tides, surges and sea level, wave conditions: normal open coast wave regime; harbour generated waves;


refAbstractLine:
ship-induced waves at harbour entrances; extreme wave conditions; water level and water level joint probability of


refAbstractLine:
events; sediment movements; existing drainage; extent of flooding associated with probability event scenarios;


refAbstractLine:
peripheral flooding. (C) Existing defences: structural assessment; models of structural failure; beach survey; existing


refAbstractLine:
standards and expected performance under event scenarios. (D) The local natural environment: impact and range of


refAbstractLine:
mitigation's for each sector of coastline for each defence option.


refAbstractLine:
A strategic review and assessment of shoreline management options for the frontage of Old Portsmouth (including the


refAbstractLine:
Camber basin). The preferred strategy is presented on the basis of detailed analysis of coastal processes; flooding risk


refAbstractLine:
in terms of 1 in 5; 1 in 50 and 1:200 year extreme water level event frequencies; and economic considerations. The


refAbstractLine:
appendices include text and figures that cover the historical context (coastline evolution, historical development of the


refAbstractLine:
built environment); coastal process regime; history and condition of existing defences, and environmental (habitat)


refAbstractLine:
Scoping report, outlining in summary form the knowledge base, and objectives of study. The main sections include a


refAbstractLine:
review of data sources; geomorphological character and evolution of both the open (Solent) and harbour coastlines;


refAbstractLine:
tides and surges; sea level rise; wave magnitudes and wave climates in the harbours and open coast; ship-induced


refAbstractLine:
wave activity (relating particularly to Portsmouth Harbour and its entrance channel); joint probability estimates of extreme


refAbstractLine:
water levels; sediment movements; flood risk; shoreline evolution, with specific reference to the historical record of


refAbstractLine:
recent centuries; coastal defence and economic/areas at risk. The section on defences covers, inter alia, a condition


refAbstractLine:
survey; estimation of flood risk in terms of a range of probabilities of extreme water frequency and magnitude and


refAbstractLine:
detailed statements of existing defence structures for the southern, eastern and northern sectors of Portsea Island.


refAbstractLine:
This work follows on from the Hayling Island Coast Defences Strategy Plan submitted to MAFF in August 1998. This


refAbstractLine:
sectorial strategy study for the Selsmore and Mengham peninsula recommends a scheme to provide flood protection


refAbstractLine:
over the next fifty years. There are aprox. 150 properties at risk of flooding in this area from 1 in 200 year event.


refAbstractLine:
The existing defences are generally lower than extreme flood levels and the present standard of protection against


refAbstractLine:
flooding is aprox. 1:10 to 1:20 years. Moreover, some areas of the defences are in a poor condition and have a


refAbstractLine:
residual life of less than ten years. The preferred option is to upgrade along the existing line of defence. The proposed


refAbstractLine:
standard of protection is 1:50 years allowing for fifty years of sea level rise. This is a current standard of protection of


refAbstractLine:
greater then 1:500 years. This option has a benefit coast ration of greater the 2 and an incremental benefit cost ratio


refAbstractLine:
greater than 3. This area is environmentally sensitive and the foreshore is part of the CSAC and SPA. An Appropriate


refAbstractLine:
Assessment has been undertaken and concluded that the preferred option will not have an adverse effect to certain


refAbstractLine:
mitigation measures and controls during construction. The consultation undertaken throughout the study period revealed


refAbstractLine:
strong support for the preferred option by both local residents and key consultees. The total estimated construction cost


refAbstractLine:
for upgrading the defences is £1.2 million. It is recommended that this work be divided into a number of schemes and


refAbstractLine:
constructed over a period of about three years.


refAbstractLine:
This multi-disciplinary project aims to develop a Geographic Information System (GIS) to hold and display archaeological


refAbstractLine:
and environmental data for the analysis of an inter-tidal zone: Langstone Harbour on the south coast of Hampshire,


refAbstractLine:
England for the study area. The project is being carried out with the support of The Royal Society for the Protection of


refAbstractLine:
Birds (RSPB) and Hampshire County Council. Metric aerial photography and analytical photogrammetry are employed to


refAbstractLine:
create a detailed topographic base. The photogrammetric models were fitted within a control network established using


refAbstractLine:
a high precision differential Global Positioning system (GPS). Recorded three-dimensional co-ordinates of


refAbstractLine:
archaeological structures. This will greatly enhance the available archaeological data, adding value to it, as well as


refAbstractLine:
assisting the study of sea level change and wider coastal processes. Conversion and integration of other historical and


refAbstractLine:
environmental data is adding further data layers to GIS.


refAbstractLine:
The software package BEACHPLAN was made available to the Department of Geography, University of Portsmouth


refAbstractLine:
through a collaborative arrangement with HR Wallingford. BEACHPLAN is a numerical model designed to predict beach


refAbstractLine:
response to wave action giving initial starting conditions. Normally this model is used by engineers to forecast trends in


refAbstractLine:
long-shore sediment transport and resultant changes in beach form in the presence of man-made structures. The


refAbstractLine:
Department of Geography evaluated its use as a long-term forecasting tool for investigation of beach morphology


refAbstractLine:
responses to natural processes and management actions. This report comprises the first stage of the evaluation.


refAbstractLine:
This report describes the effects of the possible breaches of sea defences at two sites on the eastern coast of Hayling


refAbstractLine:
Island, Hampshire. The resulting flooding of low-lying land, previously claimed from the sea, will increase the inter-tidal


refAbstractLine:
area of the Harbour, and affect tidal currents within it. The likely locations and widths of the breaches, which might occur


refAbstractLine:
in the near future as a result of high tidal levels and storm waves, were estimated after a site inspection and analysis of


refAbstractLine:
survey data. A detailed computer model of tidal propagation within the Harbour, established during an earlier study for


refAbstractLine:
the Chichester harbour Conservancy, was adjusted to represent the situation after the breaches at the two sites. The


refAbstractLine:
changes in currents caused by each breach were calculated for a Spring tide, and the resulting impacts on the existing


refAbstractLine:
morphology of the Harbour were assessed.


refAbstractLine:
A review of the regional SMPs current initiatives and recommendations for future research and strategy studies in the


refAbstractLine:
Solent appropriate to EA involvement. Recommendations are made on further work that might (or should) be


refAbstractLine:
commissioned relevant to (a) coastal processes and monitoring; (b) natural and human environments; (c.) SMPs;


refAbstractLine:
(d) progress since completion of Solent SMPs is summarised as a preface to the above.


refAbstractLine:
1. Background and specific description of Eastoke Creek, including its contribution to the SPA and SAC


refAbstractLine:
2. Intertidal sediments fronting the Selsmore peninsula


refAbstractLine:
3. Coastal processes acting on the Selsmore peninsula


refAbstractLine:
4. Vegetation and flora of the Selsmore peninsula


refAbstractLine:
8. Likely adverse impacts on nature conservation objectives


refAbstractLine:
9. Assessment of impacts on nature conservation values / objectives


refAbstractLine:
Volume 1: evolution of Hayling Island; environmental character, coastal process (open and estuaries coast), current


refAbstractLine:
coastal defence management, SMP guidance, flooding occurrences, strategic aims and objectives, alternative options,


refAbstractLine:
selecting the preferred option - problems and solutions, summary of preferred options and risks, defence management,


refAbstractLine:
Volume 2: text covers; extracts from SMP concerned with strategic matters, legal issues, past surveys of flood and


refAbstractLine:
erosion risks, options considered for open coast, Langstone and Chichester Harbours, benefit analysis and monitoring.


refAbstractLine:
Appendices cover coast defence / protection surveys; monitoring arrangements, flood level determination and beach


refAbstractLine:
History of area: flood risk, history of flooding, ground investigation


refAbstractLine:
Coastal processes: foreshore levels, waves and water levels, extreme waves and water levels, geomorphology


refAbstractLine:
Coasting of upgrading options and current defences


refAbstractLine:
Appendix 2: Extreme Flood Levels and Flood Storage (before and after scheme adoption)


refAbstractLine:
Appendix 3: Environmental Assessment: species list and map of vegetation communities.


refAbstractLine:
An identification of issues that may constrain the potential for restoring maritime cliff and slope habitats on the south


refAbstractLine:
coast of England, specifically the SCOPAC region, in the general context of soft cliff HAP (Habitat Action Plans).


refAbstractLine:
Selected case studies include the Norris Castle frontage, N.E. Isle of Wight; Whitecliff Bay, Isle of Wight; Barton on


refAbstractLine:
Sea, Hampshire; Tankerton Slopes, Whitestable Kent and Ringstead Bay, Dorset. It is concluded based in part on


refAbstractLine:
recommendation for the above case examples, that there is a need for presumption against development of unstable


refAbstractLine:
coastal slopes, and that planning permission, when granted should (or might) be on a time-lease basis. A resolution to


refAbstractLine:
the issue of compensation to property owners is needed before "freeing up" of soft cliffs for habitat re-creation can take


refAbstractLine:
place. If no resolution occurs, there will be strong pressure to build new or maintaining existing defences.


refAbstractLine:
A review of the opportunities and impacts of allowing seawater ingress into a previously freshwater lagoonal


refAbstractLine:
environment. Constraints are imposed by the requirements to defend co-adjacent properties and infrastructure from flood


refAbstractLine:
The proceedings of a workshop on sustainable integrated spatial planning and management of dynamic environmental


refAbstractLine:
(together with results of field observations) of the Manhood peninsula, West Sussex. The event involved invited Dutch


refAbstractLine:
and British experts, with a brief to think in innovative terms. Section 1.3.3 covers coastal management at present; section


refAbstractLine:
2.1 reviews Dutch and British approaches to coastal management. Broad-based scenarios involving total management


refAbstractLine:
Mapping and interpretation of high-resolution shallow and vibrocore sample data from a submerged, infilled valley


refAbstractLine:
immediately east of Owers Bank, at -20m to -40m chart datum (CD), eastern English Channel, indicate sediment body


refAbstractLine:
formation during multiple cut and fill events. Interpretation suggests that these occurred in a combination of diachronous


refAbstractLine:
gravel-bed river, peat-land, estuarine and shallow sub-littoral environments with subsequent marine planation (forming


refAbstractLine:
ravinement surfaces) and accumulation of sea-bed sediment veneer. A model of sediment body formation off the south


refAbstractLine:
coast of England, based on the case study findings, shows that subaerial, and not submarine processes have


refAbstractLine:
dominated sedimentary history within present-day, submerged, infilled valleys.


refAbstractLine:
The objectives of the study were (I) to provide a robust and consistent set of extreme still water levels around the


refAbstractLine:
Hampshire, Isle of Wight, Sussex and Kent coast of the UK, and (ii) to recommend a procedure for calculating extreme


refAbstractLine:
still water levels between gauge sites. Best 'interim' estimates for 14 sites along the Southern Region Coast are


refAbstractLine:
This research report considers long term changes in wave conditions and sea levels around the UK coast, and how


refAbstractLine:
these changes may affect the planning, design and management of UK coastal defences. Some new numerical


refAbstractLine:
techniques were developed to enhance and to help interpret the measured and simulated data used in the study.


refAbstractLine:
The work included a literature and data review, and selected gathering and analysis of wind and wave data recorded


refAbstractLine:
near the UK coast for eight stations . One of these was Littlehampton. Predictions of future climate were obtained from


refAbstractLine:
a model developed by the UK Meteorological office, and were used to predict the corresponding changes in wave


refAbstractLine:
conditions to be expected around the UK.


refAbstractLine:
There have been significant increases in wave heights measured well offshore over the last twenty years or so. Sea


refAbstractLine:
levels are already rising slowly and the rate of rise is expected to increase. The modelling of future wave climate implies


refAbstractLine:
that small but significant changes in wave heights and directions can be expected in the future. The potential


refAbstractLine:
consequences for coastal management are severe and cannot be ignored.


refAbstractLine:
A review of the objectives, functions, presentation (format) compilation and some of the shortcomings of first generation


refAbstractLine:
SMPs. A few of these characteristics (e.g. the task of consultation with stakeholders and the general public in


refAbstractLine:
agreeing strategic coastal defence options) are illustrated from examples on the western Hampshire and Dorset regions. (There is no specific discussion of Solent SMPs) Good scientific input and effective consultation are essential to the effectiveness of


refAbstractLine:
(There is no specific discussion of Solent SMPs) Good scientific input and effective consultation are essential to the


refAbstractLine:
A 2-D and 3-D numerical model has been developed to examine water mass transport and exchange. Lagrangian


refAbstractLine:
residual currents have been calculated using particle tracking, giving an estimation of the water exchange ratio


refAbstractLine:
between Southampton Water and the Solent. The hydrodynamic model is described, together with major results.


refAbstractLine:
These include the conclusion that there is no significant residual current in Southampton Water, but there is an


refAbstractLine:
eastward residual current in N.W. Solent and a residual gyre at the mouth of Southampton Water. Particle advection by


refAbstractLine:
ebb and flood tidal currents show localised patterns of recirculation where Southampton Water water mass mixes with


refAbstractLine:
that of the Solent. The Solent estuarine system as a whole can be divided into areas of Weak, Medium and Strong


refAbstractLine:
water exchange. Gravity-driven estuarine circulation, as well as the wind-driven component, require further research.


refAbstractLine:
An account of some of the water circulation patterns in Southampton water and more generally the Solent system. The


refAbstractLine:
tidal regime is described, but emphasis is on the assessment of processes that induce net movements on timescales


refAbstractLine:
longer than a tidal cycle. This principally involves residual currents, due to (I) oscillatory tidal currents that interact with


refAbstractLine:
coastal and seabed topography; (ii) ebb-flood differences in maximum tidal stress at the seabed; (iii) salt and freshwater


refAbstractLine:
flow interactions, creating a differential velocity profile through the water column in response to water stratification that


refAbstractLine:
generates turbulence at the boundary layer(s) due to partial mixing. Some new data on surface flows and sub-surface


refAbstractLine:
stratification, obtained from tracking and sampling, is presented.


refAbstractLine:
A critical general review of recent progress in modelling of hydrodynamic and geomorphological process regimes with


refAbstractLine:
particular reference to the capabilities and limitations of numerical models in helping to solve existing research problems


refAbstractLine:
(and revealing new ones). Specific capabilities are illustrated using the Solent, prefaced by a brief history of physical


refAbstractLine:
and numerical modelling in that area. Models relating to the tidal dynamics, wave climate and sediment transport vectors


refAbstractLine:
of different parts of the Solent system are discussed, followed by a case example of the hydrodynamic / sediment flux


refAbstractLine:
modelling of Southampton water. The latter is also used to illustrate advances in modelling estuarine morphology,


refAbstractLine:
especially the relations between bathymetry, sediment movement and hydraulic stresses. Further progress in integrating


refAbstractLine:
different types and functions of models is anticipated.


refAbstractLine:
A brief description and analytical review of the recent history of and prevailing legislation / regulation that determines the


refAbstractLine:
now statutory "Government View" of production licence applications for the offshore aggregate extraction. Focus is on


refAbstractLine:
the production of Environmental Assessment Statements, and the impacts that these need to address. The approach


refAbstractLine:
of Oakwood Environmental Ltd. (authors affiliation) in this respect is outlined, with special concluding reference to the


refAbstractLine:
need for studies of cumulative impacts of aggregate dredging on the physical, biological and commercial attributes of


refAbstractLine:
A resume of the main cliff forms and processes, the historical rates of coastal recession (fastest in the south-east) and


refAbstractLine:
past attempts to control erosion. The relationship between cliff erosion and adjacent beaches, in the budget context, is


refAbstractLine:
analysed, and reveals that the later have become depleted as a result of present defences. The die back of


refAbstractLine:
Spartina has also accelerated beach and cliff erosion. Strategic options for future defences are evaluated, including the


refAbstractLine:
National Trusts 'natural' preference for managed retreat.


refAbstractLine:
The changes which occurred on the Stanswood Bay coastline in the period of 1868-1977 are identified from the


refAbstractLine:
comparison of large scale Ordnance Survey maps. The changes mapped were zones of erosion, accretion and general


refAbstractLine:
spit growth. Areas of cliff retreat were highlighted, with the quantity of sediment produced established and the type of


refAbstractLine:
material recorded. The volume and composition of material produced by cliff recession was compared to the volume


refAbstractLine:
and type of material deposited at Calshot spit. This comparison allowed the assessment of whether the sediment


refAbstractLine:
produced by cliff erosion was predominantly responsible for Calshot spit's growth and evolution through the 109 year


refAbstractLine:
period. A tentative sediment budget is proposed.


refAbstractLine:
Poole and Christchurch Bays are the product of the Flandrian Transgression; Poole Bay was probably created some


refAbstractLine:
7,500 years B.P. but Christchurch Bay is younger by some 3-4000 years. This is partly evidenced by the degrees by


refAbstractLine:
which their crenulate plan forms have developed. Tidal range has played a significant role in their evolution in addition


refAbstractLine:
to sea level rise, Hengistbury Head has played a crucial role in determining the extent and stability of both bays. The


refAbstractLine:
reconstruction of former Ipswitchian interglacial and Devensian glacial coastlines is crucial to understanding how wave


refAbstractLine:
and tidal regimes were formally more energetic and could effect much higher rates of coastal retreat than at present.


refAbstractLine:
An account of the replenishment of a 2km length of shingle beach at Lee-on-the Solent, Gosport, using 'spoil' dredged


refAbstractLine:
from Southampton water. The scheme was justified by the diminishing height and width of the beach, culminating in


refAbstractLine:
partial sea wall collapse in 1991. Details are given of scheme requirements, (specifically the quantity and quality of


refAbstractLine:
dredged material); contractual arrangements; rock groyne construction; shingle delivery and replenishment. Public


refAbstractLine:
reaction and local authority response is also covered.


refAbstractLine:
ARC Marine Ltd are applying for a dredging licence to extract marine aggregate from the seabed in two areas off the


refAbstractLine:
coast of the Isle of Wight. This report assesses the impacts on the coastline of dredging in these two areas, situated


refAbstractLine:
south and west of the island, in water depths greater than 30m CD. This assessment includes the effects of past and


refAbstractLine:
likely future dredging in the same general vacinity. The main emphasis has been on possible changes to nearshore


refAbstractLine:
wave conditions, but other potential effects also have been considered, namely: beach draw-down, sediment transport


refAbstractLine:
supply to the coastline and tidal currents. It was found that nowhere along the coastlines studies were wave conditions


refAbstractLine:
affected by the proposed dredging. In addition, the areas were too offshore, and in too deep water, to have any other


refAbstractLine:
The Shingles Bank is a major sink for coarse-grained sediments in Christchurch Bay, and it is established that there is


refAbstractLine:
about 40 million m3 of sand and gavel on the Bank. The proportion of fine material which may be widely dispersed by


refAbstractLine:
the proposed dredging on the Bank, is very small. The normal concentration of fine sediment in suspension in the area


refAbstractLine:
is below 10mg/l. For much of the time there is very little water depth over large areas of Shingles Bank. This, together


refAbstractLine:
with the facts that tidal flows are quite high and the site is exposed to wind action, can result in high bed shear stresses.


refAbstractLine:
Therefore the bedload transport rates of sand and gravel are potentially high. A potential risk in terms of the dispersion of


refAbstractLine:
silt may occur if large quantities disturbed by the dredging are deposited in sensitive areas, such as those used for


refAbstractLine:
fishing. However, the amount of silt which may be added to the system by the dredging is very small compared with that


refAbstractLine:
which is presently mobile, and it is probable that most of it will be widely distributed and lost in the system. A small


refAbstractLine:
proportion may deposit locally but most of this will be resuspended during subsequent tidal cycles. Some may be


refAbstractLine:
carried into areas where the tidal flows will be less than in the main channel, and may not be sufficient to re-erode even


refAbstractLine:
soft deposits. However, in these areas siltation almost certainly occurs at present. Sand released into the water column


refAbstractLine:
will settle faster than cohesive material and the effects of vertical and horizontal dispersion will be much less. As with


refAbstractLine:
silt the potential loss of fine sand during the dredging is considerably less than that which presently moves, and most will


refAbstractLine:
probably be widely dispersed in the system.


refAbstractLine:
A summary of the major pathways, sources, stores and sinks of different size ranges of littoral sediment within the Solent


refAbstractLine:
quasi estuarine system (excluding the harbours and estuaries, sensu stricto). Knowledge limitations, particularly relating


refAbstractLine:
to budget, are acknowledged in the attempt to resolve the overall pattern of littoral sediment transport into sub-cells.


refAbstractLine:
This report presents the results of the research into quantifying the amounts of fine (silt and clay) and coarse (coarse


refAbstractLine:
sand, gavel and cobbles) sediment carried by the rivers between Beachy Head and Dawlish Warren and delivered to


refAbstractLine:
(I) establishing the potential for fine and coarse sediment transport in rivers and its delivery to the coast.


refAbstractLine:
(ii) identifying evidence of significant fine and coarse sediment transport in rivers and its delivery to the coast


refAbstractLine:
(iii) estimating fine and coarse sediment inputs into the littoral sub-cells between Beachy Head and Dawlish Warren.


refAbstractLine:
The recent history of slope instability prefaces details of geotechnical studies available and an estimation of the


refAbstractLine:
probabilities of significant instability. Alternative schemes considered cover 'Do Nothing', toe Weighting and Rock Fill.


refAbstractLine:
The relative costs of schemes are given, together with their respective benefits and impacts. The preferred scheme is


refAbstractLine:
outlined, which includes basal weighting and some fill. The appendices include a detailed environmental assessment of


refAbstractLine:
each of the three main scheme proposals.


refAbstractLine:
and respective justifications. The current problem is analysed with reference to an account of the nature and condition


refAbstractLine:
of existing defences; recent defence and protection history; coastline recession since the mid-nineteenth century;


refAbstractLine:
coastal slope stability, water levels (including predicted extreme water levels); wave climate, beach foreshore


refAbstractLine:
characteristics, sediment transport, and sea level rise. Alternative schemes are examined in terms of structural and


refAbstractLine:
control characteristics, comparative costs and benefits and overall evaluation / recommendations. This study also


refAbstractLine:
includes an evaluation of potential beach replenishment material obtained from dredging of the navigational channel of


refAbstractLine:
A review based on cartographic evidence and Clashot wind speed data of the wave climate and transport pathways.


refAbstractLine:
Serial map analysis reveals changes in foreshore width, inferring spatially variable patterns of accretion and erosion.


refAbstractLine:
These are tentatively ascribed to changes in littoral drift rates and volumes resulting from the history of groyne


refAbstractLine:
construction and deterioration; and the closure of the Gull Island gap in 1986.


refAbstractLine:
A summary of monitoring of ground movements between 1991 and December 1997, identifying areas and types of cliff


refAbstractLine:
mass movements. The results allow for some determination of the relationship between ground movement and rainfall.


refAbstractLine:
This report reviews the scope, frequency and processing of data, and makes specific recommendations for further


refAbstractLine:
practise, and makes recommendations for a longer-term strategy of slope stabilisation measures.


refAbstractLine:
An objective report of erosional and depositional changes at the distal point of Hurst spit, 1991-2000. Undertaken in


refAbstractLine:
the context of the Hurst Spit Beach Management Plan. Data collection involves topographic beach profiles and


refAbstractLine:
hydrographic surveys, analysed via DGM and GIS systems. Results cover changes in beach volume storage; erosion


refAbstractLine:
and accretion contours and changes in position of mean high water. There is brief analysis and methodological review.


refAbstractLine:
annual reports providing details of monitoring programme in connection with the stabilisation of Hurst Spit (completed in


refAbstractLine:
1997). Sequence of hydrographic and topographic surveys, presented in processed form; wave height and wave


refAbstractLine:
direction recorded in real time, and presented graphically in one month series for wave period and significant wave


refAbstractLine:
height. Changes in the period and significant wave height. Changes in the intervening 12 months following previous


refAbstractLine:
surveys receive intervening 12 months following previous surveys receive brief comment. Most of the report contents


refAbstractLine:
Outline of the national institutional basis of conservation designations, followed by SAC and SPA interest features and


refAbstractLine:
appropriate conservation objectives, under the EU Habitats and Birds Directive. A detailed 'Favourable Condition


refAbstractLine:
Table' lists and comments on physical and ecological attributes of both the Chesil barrier beach and the Fleet Lagoon.


refAbstractLine:
Advice on "operations" particularly methods for their assessment of impacts(s) form the concluding section which


refAbstractLine:
Implications of dredging and disposal of sediments with the aim of informing the assessment for the marine environment


refAbstractLine:
and supporting the application of required consents and licences. A number of scenarios are modelled numerically to


refAbstractLine:
characteristics the sediments in situ, the likely deposit site and the potential changes to water column conditions and


refAbstractLine:
areas of deposition. Approximately 20% of the total alluvium removed will be used for intertidal recharge between Hythe


refAbstractLine:
and Cadland. Analysis of post-channel deepening survey (following channel deepening in 1996-7) from Nab deposit site


refAbstractLine:
showed that sediments had no effect on adjacent areas of aggregate production and shell fisheries. The greatest


refAbstractLine:
potential dispersion of sediment will occur when the finest sediments are dredged. Areas of peak suspended sediment


refAbstractLine:
concentrates, and theory quantities are modelled for each phase of proposed construction. These are significantly less


refAbstractLine:
for deeper water clay and greensand sediments. Up to 20cm of deposition may occur in Marchwood Military Base


refAbstractLine:
berths and at berth 101 on the eastern shore. Elsewhere, deposition will be 2-10 cm in the other berths and docks, and


refAbstractLine:
1-2 cm at some intertidal locations on the western shore.


refAbstractLine:
A summary of ongoing changes in Southampton Water over various timescales, discussed in terms of the Solent


refAbstractLine:
system as well as specific sites close to Dibden Bay. Changes arising from the proposed dredging and disposal include


refAbstractLine:
tidal range (a small rise in low water); inter-tidal and shore disturbance of sediments due to increased vessel


refAbstractLine:
movements; reduced flow speeds in the main channel during construction; an increase in annual maintenance


refAbstractLine:
dredging; and over 50 years, minimal loss of intertidal area. Overall, physical changes induced by deepening of the


refAbstractLine:
deep water channel to serve the proposed terminal are considered to small and can be mitigated.


refAbstractLine:
Approximately 13 million m3 of sediment will be taken from the Dibden Bay site, comprising a range of sediment types.


refAbstractLine:
Analysis proves that sediment contamination levels are low, which therefore does not inhibit use of spoil for beneficial


refAbstractLine:
uses in intertidal recharge or habitat site creation. Local demand for coarse sediment will mean that spoil from this site


refAbstractLine:
will not be available for beach renourishment. Some of the excavated material will be used in the construction of the


refAbstractLine:
Dibden terminal. A specific proposal to recharge the Hythe to Cadland intertidal area has been investigated and would


refAbstractLine:
accommodate approx 28% of the dredged material removed from the Dibden Bay site.


refAbstractLine:
Contents covers brief description of survey programme, instrumentation, interpretation and data presentation covering


refAbstractLine:
seabed features, bathymetry and near surface geology. Appendices feature equipment specification; interpreted


refAbstractLine:
profiles and 1:2000 charts of geology (inc. seabed sediments) and bathymetry.


refAbstractLine:
Brief description of proposed project to establish pattern, stratigraphy and age profiles of sediments in different parts of


refAbstractLine:
Poole Harbour, in order to quantify patterns of net sediment accretion and major input sources. Emphasis will be on


refAbstractLine:
sediment chronostratigraphy over the past 100 years. A time frame of pollutant discharge froth Cs concentrates will be


refAbstractLine:
attempted - preliminary results are given.


refAbstractLine:
An evaluation of managed retreat strategic option adoption by the National trust at Birling Gap (East Sussex); Studland


refAbstractLine:
Dunes and Brownsea Island, Poole Harbour. At all sites, especially Studland, there are locally variable rates of


refAbstractLine:
recession with a need to accommodate shore-term responses to exceptionally high rates of loss (or breaching). The


refAbstractLine:
strategic approach to coastlines of high environmental and amenity value (as in these cases where several


refAbstractLine:
designations apply) is facilitated by the presence of a single landowner with inalienable property rights.


refAbstractLine:
An assessment of the effects of proposed marine aggregate (sand and gravel) extraction in an area 8.4km south-east


refAbstractLine:
of the Foreland, Isle of Wight. Effects considered include those on physical processes (sediment plumes); tides and


refAbstractLine:
waves; benthic communities; finfish and shell fish; commercial fisheries; marine archaeology; marine habitats and their


refAbstractLine:
The paper presents a brief overview of detailed studies and investigation into instability affecting the A354 road on the


refAbstractLine:
Isle of Portland, Dorset, which culminated in the realignment of the road at Priory Corner from potentially unstable onto


refAbstractLine:
Much of the past work on the quaternary rivers of Northwest Europe has been concerned with river terraces, which


refAbstractLine:
characterise almost every valley. While these terraces are undoubtedly striking features of the landscape, the incision


refAbstractLine:
achieved by Quaternary rivers is equally significant in terms of river behaviour, and for an understanding of the factors


refAbstractLine:
affecting landform development during the Quaternary. This paper examines the incision achieved during the


refAbstractLine:
Quaternary by the Thames, in both its upper and lower catchments, and by the Hampshire Avon in southern England.


refAbstractLine:
Valley incision rates of ca. 0.07-0.10m ka-1 have been identified, although in the lower catchment of the Thames, these


refAbstractLine:
have been enhanced by additional incision in response to glacio-isostasy and valley shortening. A model is proposed in


refAbstractLine:
which regional uplift is recognised as the primary cause of incision by these Quaternary rivers. Possible mechanisms for


refAbstractLine:
Brief review of the evidence for relative mean sea-level rise over the past 6 ka and from tide gauge data. The longer


refAbstractLine:
term is approximately 1-3 mm a-1, whilst instrumented records suggest a range of 2-5mm a-1. Recent data on marsh


refAbstractLine:
accretion for the past 100 years, proposes a rate of 4-5mm a-1. Global warming, up to 2050, may cause an


refAbstractLine:
acceleration of up to 6 mm a-1. Physical and socio-economic impacts of the latter are very briefly acknowledged.


refAbstractLine:
Geological evidence suggests that during the Later quaternary, a river system (the Solent River) drained a large part of


refAbstractLine:
central Southern England. Its upper reaches flowed in a west-east direction, flanked to the south by a Chalk ridge (the


refAbstractLine:
Purbeck-Isle of Wight Chalk Ridge). Today, only part of the upper reaches of the river's tributary channels remain, as


refAbstractLine:
the area was inundated during the Flandrian Transgression, forming an embayment system (Poole and Christchurch


refAbstractLine:
Bays). In order to map the offshore buried channels of the upper reaches of the Solent River an extensive set of


refAbstractLine:
shallow marine geophysical data was analysed and interpreted. The results of this investigation show that the Solent


refAbstractLine:
River system was disrupted irreversibly by southern capture of its upstream section before the Flandrian Transgression.


refAbstractLine:
This disruption was the result of the fluvial breaching of the southern barrier of the system


refAbstractLine:
(the Purbeck-Isle of Wight ridge) at three points, probably during Late Devensian time. Poole Bay was first to be


refAbstractLine:
submerged during the transgression. The estuaries which resulted from the drowning of the fluvial palaeovalleys of


refAbstractLine:
Poole Bay were infilled with transgressive facies sequences which have been preserved within the palaeovalleys.


refAbstractLine:
In contrast, Christchurch Bay was submerged at a later time, but because of the abrupt manner of its inundation, no


refAbstractLine:
transgressive facies have been preserved within it buried palaeovalleys.


refAbstractLine:
A review of the present state of knowledge of the physical characteristics of the Solent, in particular the geology,


refAbstractLine:
geomorphology and sedimentology of the area. The geological structure of the region; the lithology of the main solid


refAbstractLine:
rock formations marginal to and beneath the Solent are described and interpreted. The Quaternary development of the


refAbstractLine:
Solent river concluding with Holocene transgression and detachment of the Isle of Wight is reviewed as background to a


refAbstractLine:
summary of contemporary geomorphology of the coastline. This covers beach types, cliffs and platforms. The principle


refAbstractLine:
sediment types are described according to provenance, compositional characteristics, the morphology of the principal


refAbstractLine:
sediment accumulations and contemporary sediment transport mechanisms and pathways. The latter is linked to the


refAbstractLine:
A review and summary of archaeological and historical evidence for shoreline change at various sites on the Solent


refAbstractLine:
margins, derived from various sources. Included are submerged platforms; sediment sequences that permit


refAbstractLine:
reconstruction of Holocene sea level change (including fluctuations) at some key localities; palaeoenvironment


refAbstractLine:
reconstruction from submerged coastal peat's and forests; submerged archaeological structures dating from the


refAbstractLine:
Mesolithic period to Saxon - Norman times and wrecks. The longer term evolution of the Solent is considered, with


refAbstractLine:
particular reference to the barrier spits at Hurst and Clashot. There are concluding comments on the problems of loss


refAbstractLine:
of some of the, as yet unresearched evidence arising from sea-level rise and human use of the shoreline and


refAbstractLine:
nearshore/offshore areas. A strategy for addressing this is proposed.


refAbstractLine:
A non-technical review of the aims, objectives and some of the diving and conservation techniques of inshore marine


refAbstractLine:
The previous history of coastal instability and shoreline protection back to the 1890's, prefaces a review of assets at


refAbstractLine:
current risk and a detailed economic and environmental evaluation of the proposed preferred scheme. This involves


refAbstractLine:
rehabilitation of the existing seawall, to a crest height of =3.5m OD, a rock revetment in front and four low level rock


refAbstractLine:
groynes. The revetment an groynes have been designed to ensure the retention of an appropriate level of beach


refAbstractLine:
sediments. Tide and Extreme Water Levels are tabulated; wave heights are given, based on hindcasting. The geology


refAbstractLine:
and morphology of the coastal slope in relation to proposed seawall and esplanade stability are described.


refAbstractLine:
It has been proposed (in host report) that sediment for the replenishment of Gurnards Beach (NW IOW) be obtained


refAbstractLine:
from the dredging and realignment of the approach channel to Bembridge Harbour. This report summaries previous


refAbstractLine:
reports an adds new survey data, on the historical development of the harbour planform, the dredging of the approach


refAbstractLine:
channel since the early C20th; water levels, water depth; tidal stream's; wave climate at the harbour entrance and


refAbstractLine:
offshore; wave height and seabed changes consequent upon dredging; littoral sediment transport at the harbour exit;


refAbstractLine:
and archaeological resources. Particle size analysis of sediment samples from the harbour mouth are given in the text of


refAbstractLine:
An inventory and evaluation of known archaeological material and an assessment of recent human history in the lower


refAbstractLine:
Yar estuary in the specific content of past and proposed navigation channel dredging.


refAbstractLine:
archaeology. Focus is on sites in the Solent, specifically current and potential sites adjacent to the coast of the Isle of


refAbstractLine:
Wight.  A brief summary of relative sea-level history and environmental change in late Holocene times concentrates on


refAbstractLine:
excavations, finds and stratigraphical / archaeological reconstruction at the Wooton Haven site. A selection of sites


refAbstractLine:
and wrecks relating to the historical period (3rd to 18th centuries), specifically diagnostic artefacts, is presented.


refAbstractLine:
A multi-sourced account of the history of research into the palaeogeomorphology of the "Solent River" and the


refAbstractLine:
detachment of the Isle of Wight from the mainland. Major papers are reviewed and evaluated in the light of modern


refAbstractLine:
geophysical surveys of the source of the principle "Solent River" channel. Major re-interpretation has been


refAbstractLine:
necessitated by the revelation of sediment-filled palaeovalleys cutting across the former chalk ridge between Purbeck


refAbstractLine:
and western Wight, and by re-mapping of fluviable landforms and associated sediments. Submerged palaeoforms in the


refAbstractLine:
western Solent provide key, but as yet enigmatic evidence for the final connection of the west and east Solent


refAbstractLine:
waterways in the early mid Holocene times.


refAbstractLine:
A preliminary investigation of the feasibility of alternative options for future coast protection of the frontage of Gunard


refAbstractLine:
Bay. The issues, existing defences and SMP policies preface an outline of alternative schemes, their potential benefits


refAbstractLine:
The origin of Spartina anglica (a perennial salt marsh and mudflat grass) indicates its evolution by hybridisation. This is


refAbstractLine:
evidenced by morphological; cytological biochemical and molecular characteristics. The C20th history of the origins and


refAbstractLine:
colonisation of S. anglica in the Solent indicated rapid spread in the first three decades, followed by progressive


refAbstractLine:
degradation. Parental species are (1998) restricted to a few locations, esp. Hayling Island, Southampton Water and the


refAbstractLine:
NW Isle of Wight. Reduced Spartina cover has, and will, accelerate erosion and probate loss of saltmarsh Biodiversity.


refAbstractLine:
In February 1999, Chichester Harbour Conservancy (CHC) commissioned HR Wallingford to undertake an initial


refAbstractLine:
assessment of options for beneficial disposal of material dredged by marina operators in Chichester Harbour. Dredging


refAbstractLine:
by the marina operators is carried out under licence from CHC. The conservancy are required to consider such activities


refAbstractLine:
under the Habitats Directive Regulations, and wish to see, when it is shown to be essential, the mitigation of any


refAbstractLine:
potential damaging impacts of maintenance dredging.


refAbstractLine:
During a previous study (1994) computer models of tidal currents and suspended mud transport in Chichester Harbour


refAbstractLine:
were established, and used to assess the likely fate of mud eroded from the intertidal areas on the east shore of the


refAbstractLine:
Harbour. The present study was based partly on re-assessment of the model results, and on further simulation.


refAbstractLine:
The study demonstrated a potential beneficial use disposal site in the Harbour entrance, which could be utilised by all


refAbstractLine:
Harbour users, and which could cope with the level of maintenance dredging required through the Harbour. The site is


refAbstractLine:
particularly appropriate for material which is presently being taken to the Nab Tower site and is not considered to be


refAbstractLine:
contaminated. Various different local disposal options may still be able to be utilised. Whilst the Harbour entrance site


refAbstractLine:
has the attraction of being available to all users, other disposal sites within the Harbour may result in a greater


refAbstractLine:
The next step in developing the plans for beneficial use of dredged material with Chichester Harbour is to discuss


refAbstractLine:
potential sites and criteria for contaminant levels with the various regulators and interested parties, Further studies


refAbstractLine:
would be required for proposed disposal sites to determine, in detail, the behaviour of material at the sites.


refAbstractLine:
Photogrammetric analysis of air photos for 1976-1998 are analysed to calculate rates of recession of the cliff top and


refAbstractLine:
base; volumes of sediment transfer and removal from the system, and identify the range and relative significance of


refAbstractLine:
operational geomorphological processes. Two geomorphological mapping surveys were carried out (using O.S. and


refAbstractLine:
1998 orthobase maps) to add further detail to the latter and show qualitative changes in cliff system morphology


refAbstractLine:
between July 2000 and December 2000. Is concluded that cliff gradient has reduced over the 22 year period of


refAbstractLine:
analysis, with cliff top recession operating at a faster rate than cliff toe erosion. This may imply that the system is in a


refAbstractLine:
condition of instability conditioned by the up-cliff progress of a "wave of aggression".


refAbstractLine:
to the frontage using an imported beach, this is to be retained using two offshore rock breakwaters and two shore


refAbstractLine:
These phase II works provide protection to a length of frontage extending approx. 700 metres between the Chit rocks


refAbstractLine:
and the east pier. Two estimates of the total cost of the scheme have been formulated using prices for importing


refAbstractLine:
beach material from an offshore unlicensed source within Lyme bay or from a licensed source further from Sidmouth.


refAbstractLine:
Winter storms in 1989/90 resulted in substantial loss of beach sediment volume, from Seaton hole to the east end of


refAbstractLine:
West Walk promenade. Previous to that, the beach was sufficiently high and stable to afford effective cliff toe


refAbstractLine:
protection - at least as far back as the early twentieth century. Average annual net longshore transport along Seaton


refAbstractLine:
beach is small, with a probable slight west to east transfer. Reversals are frequent, but are near equilibrium. Problems


refAbstractLine:
arising from lack of adequate beach recovery are identified. Solutions are evaluated in economic benefit terms, which


refAbstractLine:
are most readily justified for the developed frontage. A series of specific recommendations are made including a rock


refAbstractLine:
revetment at the cliff toe where the Old Beer Road is in danger of being seriously eroded. Cliff erosion and coastal


refAbstractLine:
recession, back to 1903, is derived from successive OS maps for the Keuper Marl cliffs. After a long period of


refAbstractLine:
quiescence, these cliffs have recently began to erode.


refAbstractLine:
stable ground. The geological succession exposed on Portland comprises Purbeck Beds, Portland Stone, Portland


refAbstractLine:
Sand and Kimmeridge Clay successively with depth, with the strait dipping gently east of south at an overall 1.5 degrees.


refAbstractLine:
The Purbeck Beds have been locally removed during quarrying operation within the Portland Stone, leaving chert as a


refAbstractLine:
massive cap rock overlying the weaker Portland Sands and Kimmeridge Clay. A complex joint system, predominately


refAbstractLine:
north-north-east to south-south-west is exhibited by the Portland stone.


refAbstractLine:
The genetic origin of Spartina anglica and S.townsendii is outlined, followed by a detailed account of the spread of


refAbstractLine:
S. anglica, by area, in Poole harbour, 1890-1924. In general, "dieback" commenced in 1925, though some areas


refAbstractLine:
record expansion up to 1952. Some 250 ha. Were lost between 1952 and 1980, with further losses known in 1994.


refAbstractLine:
Several reasons for the rate and pattern of loss are put forward, though uncertainty remains. The hydrographic changes


refAbstractLine:
induced by Spartina both accretion and subsequent erosion / remobilisation are revealed through analysis of channel


refAbstractLine:
widths and depths at various harbour location. Since 1954, most channels have deepened after a phase of rapid


refAbstractLine:
shoaling between early 1930s and early 1950s; this may indicate that much of the remobilised sediment has been


refAbstractLine:
scoured seawards and probably transported in suspension. The latter part of this paper reviews the impacts of


refAbstractLine:
S.anglica on the zonation of saltmarsh in Poole Harbour, in particular its competition with Puccinellia. The effect of


refAbstractLine:
Spartina growth and declineis reflected in the wading bird population in a roughly inverse relationship. This is probably


refAbstractLine:
linked to invertebrate colonisation of mudflats (their main food source). Overall, Spartina angelica's growth and recession


refAbstractLine:
represents a massive perturbation to the natural system of Poole harbour.


refAbstractLine:
An environmental assessment of the proposed construction of a small harbour at Ventnor. A statement justifying the


refAbstractLine:
project in socio-economic and shoreline management terms, and brief scheme details, preface summaries of local


refAbstractLine:
geology; coastal processes, ecology, conservation, landscape and socio-economic characteristic. Potential impacts on


refAbstractLine:
each of these during construction and subsequent operation are detailed. Appendix C sows the distribution of biotopes


refAbstractLine:
Internally produced summary of the main geological, geotechnical and geomorphological characteristics of the


refAbstractLine:
Blackgang landslides. Text is based on summaries of reports commissioned in 1990's with key diagrams, sections and


refAbstractLine:
maps reproduced. The 'Great Cliff Fall' of 1928 is outlined with photographs of the vent in action and the effects


refAbstractLine:
immediately afterwards. Designed for students and other enquires.


refAbstractLine:
Internal document, intended primarily for students summarising the geology, hydrogeology and salient forms of the


refAbstractLine:
unstable slopes of the Undercliff landslide complex between Dunnose and St. Catherines Point. Processes of mass


refAbstractLine:
Berry Head exhibits a series of marine planation surfaces and raised beach deposits that occupy an altitude range of


refAbstractLine:
97m (-40m OD to +57m OD). Analogues occur elsewhere in Tor Bay development at elevations that can be correlated


refAbstractLine:
closely with marine erosion platforms, suggesting that their development was controlled by sea-level still-stands.


refAbstractLine:
Corbridge Cave contains evidence of three marine transgressions in the form of fine grained deposits, with a marine


refAbstractLine:
microfauna. These accumulated after each cave system had been developed, probably in a marine / freshwater mixing


refAbstractLine:
zone. Uranium series dating of intercalated speleothems indicates transgressions in oxygen isotope stages 5e and 7(?)


refAbstractLine:
at +5.8m and +7.2m OD respectively. These data may help constrain the interpretation of regional aminostratigraphy


refAbstractLine:
Mathematical modelling of dilution and dispersion of sewage effluent offshore Teignmouth in the context of a study to


refAbstractLine:
design a long sea outfall. Most data is verified by field survey data of onshore wind velocities and tidal currents. Most of


refAbstractLine:
this report models (simulates) sewage discharge flows, concentrations and diffusion under varying hydrodynamic


refAbstractLine:
conditions. It considers sewage plume interaction with other discharge between Sidmouth and Torquay.


refAbstractLine:
Factual account of PSD curves of sediment sampled from 6 locations within the Teign estuary, upstream of Teignmouth


refAbstractLine:
Docks. All are dominated by fine grained clastic and biogenic sediment, with evidence of up-estuary fining.


refAbstractLine:
movement, the impact of rainfall and antecedent groundwater and the main agencies involved prede site description,


refAbstractLine:
monitoring approaches and the management system created by the Landslide Management Strategy created in 1995.


refAbstractLine:
Experience to date in implementation of the above is summarised. Accompanying maps, diagrams, etc are taken from


refAbstractLine:
studies completed by IOWC consultants in the 1990's.


refAbstractLine:
This guide is an outcome of EU LIFE Environment Programme supported project on 'Coastal Change, Climate and


refAbstractLine:
Instability' 1997-2000, led by the IOW Centre for the Coastal Environment. Chapters cover the causes of ground/slope


refAbstractLine:
instability; the identification and assessment of instability problems; its economic and social importance; ground water


refAbstractLine:
and drainage; managing slopes and walls; general management approaches and strategies; encouraging appropriate


refAbstractLine:
construction activity; instability monitoring and the co-ordination of local community responses. Experience in the Isle of


refAbstractLine:
A brief review of the objectives of shoreline management, based on the delimitation of sediment transport cells and


refAbstractLine:
sub-cells and an understanding of their mutual relations. Rational and sustainable management has been achieved by


refAbstractLine:
the co-operation of operation of operating authorities through their membership of SCOPAC. The objectives and


refAbstractLine:
achievements of this organisation are summarised.


refAbstractLine:
A review and assessment of climatic change evidence and predictions relevant to the next 80-100 years, with


refAbstractLine:
particular emphasis on sea-level change; coastal climatic change scenarios, and generic appraisal of impact based on


refAbstractLine:
a morphodynamic classification of the SCOPAC coastline. A brief outline of the reaction of the major coastal behaviour


refAbstractLine:
systems is given, covering soft and hard rock cliffs; fringing, free standing and fronting sediment systems; lowlands and


refAbstractLine:
barriers; estuaries and tidal rivers; split-confined tidal inlets and tidal deltas. Appendices include analysis of the


refAbstractLine:
accompanying Historical events Database(CD-ROM) (which is separately abstracted); wind wave hindcasting of future


refAbstractLine:
wave conditions and longshore / landward migration of tidal deltas, tidal flats and saltmarsh, In section 3,


refAbstractLine:
(Climatic Change Evidence) the evidence for mean sea-level rise and wave climate change on the SCOPAC coast is


refAbstractLine:
given. The concluding section addresses, in overview terms, appropriate management responses to predicted or likely


refAbstractLine:
impacts of climate change on forcing conditions and coastal systems / land system behavioural traits.


refAbstractLine:
A brief description of each of the major coastal habitat types, and complexes, in the Solent region, summarising, their


refAbstractLine:
regional, national and international conservation significance. Major threats are highlighted emphasising the danger of


refAbstractLine:
considering each habitat in isolation. The main habitats examined are; estuaries (coastal plain and bar-built);


refAbstractLine:
saltmarshes; grazing marshes; sea cliffs and maritime grassland; coastal sand and shingle; coastal lagoons. Indicator


refAbstractLine:
species and brief ecological / community structure and dynamics are summarised for each, noting both physical and


refAbstractLine:
anthropogenic regulating factors. Trends affecting coastal habitats, and a research agenda, are outlined. The latter


refAbstractLine:
should initially aim at a comprehensive survey inventory and database followed by fundamental research on


refAbstractLine:
There has been progressive loss of intertidal wetland habitat in the Solent, and general undervaluing of their indirect


refAbstractLine:
benefits. The most immediate threat to habitat extent and diversity is "coastal squeeze". Function Benefit Indicators


refAbstractLine:
have been calculated based on diverse "expert evaluation of the conservation and coastal defence functions of


refAbstractLine:
Solent wetlands, and scores for 13 specific sites are calculated. The largest individual wetlands, and scores for 13


refAbstractLine:
specific sites are calculated. The largest individual wetlands (each in excess of 1000 ha) received the highest scores for


refAbstractLine:
function benefit per unit area. Chichester and Langstone harbours together accounted for 40% of the total function


refAbstractLine:
score for the whole region. Specific pressure-stress-function matrices were calculated, using a generic list of prevailing


refAbstractLine:
and potential stresses; these suggest an exacerbated rate of loss of the intertidal wetland resource. Keyhaven /


refAbstractLine:
Lymington and Southampton Water are the most  at risk, Chichester Harbour least stressed at present. A 20 year


refAbstractLine:
restoration target of 1200 hectares, is proposed to make good recent and compensate for predicted intertidal losses.


refAbstractLine:
(ii) Biannual nearshore Bathymetric surveys (seawards to 1000m)


refAbstractLine:
(I-iii) are analysed in house, Recorded on database / spreadsheet (beach volumes)


refAbstractLine:
(vi) Digital OS maps (1:250; 1:2500; 1:10,00 scales) GIS format


refAbstractLine:
(vii) Aerial photographs (scales and dates not specified).


refAbstractLine:
(vii) Approx. 3 monthly and post storm defence structure condition surveys and or inspections.


refAbstractLine:
(I) Biannual Beach Profiles, 200-400m intervals (15-20 survey lines per survey)


refAbstractLine:
(ii) EA annual vertical air photos, GIS storage


refAbstractLine:
(iii) Digital OS Maps, 1:250 and 1:10,000; 50;000 GIS storage


refAbstractLine:
(iv) Access to QHM (Portsmouth) tide gauge data (hard copy)


refAbstractLine:
(vi) Digital format, beach profiles and extreme water level data (Old Portsmouth and Portsea Island Strategy Studies)


refAbstractLine:
(vii) Biannual condition survey of defence structures


refAbstractLine:
Previous research on Holocene sea-level changes in Hampshire has been limited and this has hindered efforts (a) to


refAbstractLine:
establish the pattern of Holocene sea-level and crustal movements in south-east England, and (b) to compare recent


refAbstractLine:
tide gauge data with the longer-term Holocene sea-level record for this region. In this paper, litho-, bio- and


refAbstractLine:
conditions at this site. These results are combined with published sea-level data from other sites in south-east England,


refAbstractLine:
to study the evidence for regional sea-level data and crustal movements, and to evaluate the recent tide gauge data


refAbstractLine:
Fossiliferous organic sediments interstratified within fluvial gravels at Pennington Marshes, Lymington, have been


refAbstractLine:
recovered in boreholes and investigated. The organic deposit, her defined as the Pennington Organic Bed, occurs


refAbstractLine:
between -3.9 to -5.3m OD  and has been traced 200m across the immediate area. Pollen analyses indicate a


refAbstractLine:
temperate flora of interglacial character. Molluscan and ostracod assemblages contain no brackish elements and are


refAbstractLine:
typical of a shallow, freshwater stream or abandoned channel. A change from an aquatic to terrestrial Molluscan fauna


refAbstractLine:
indicates progressive drying out of the body.


refAbstractLine:
The Pennington Organic Bed cannot be confidently attributed to any particular stage, but since it occurs with a lower


refAbstractLine:
terrace that at Stone Point, 15km to the NE, it is probably younger and an early Ipwichian age (Ip Iia?) is


refAbstractLine:
suggested, The Pennington Lower Gravel, below the organic deposit, is therefore probably Wolstonian and the


refAbstractLine:
Pennington Upper Gravel, and above them, Devensian in age. The estuarine interglacial deposits at Stone Point,


refAbstractLine:
previously believed to have been Ipswichian are likely to belong to an earlier stage. It is possible, although less likely,


refAbstractLine:
that they accumulated during the later part of the Ipswichian as the transgression aggraded to the level of the higher


refAbstractLine:
terrace surface. Similarly, if the gravels at Stone Point resulted from a tributary river, rather than the Solent River itself,


refAbstractLine:
this could also explain the altimetric differences and allow the organic deposits to be attributed to different parts of the


refAbstractLine:
same stage. However, there is no evidence to support either of these alternative possibilities.


refAbstractLine:
located in the English Channel about 13km south-east of Sandown on the Isle of Wight and 20km south-west of Selsey


refAbstractLine:
Bill. The application area measures up to about 10km north to south and a similar distance east to west. It covers and


refAbstractLine:
area of the seabed of just over 41 square kilometres. This report describes an Assessment of the likely impact of the


refAbstractLine:
proposed dredging on both the sediment mobility in the region, and upon nearshore wave conditions. The seabed in


refAbstractLine:
the vicinity of Area 451 is relatively stable, compared to the high mobility of nearshore banks. The transport path which


refAbstractLine:
crosses Area 451 runs eastwards along the English Channel and any material travelling over the proposed dredging


refAbstractLine:
site will move out of the study region and much of the material is probably lost from the local coastal system altogether.


refAbstractLine:
We consider that dredging as proposed with Area 451 will not have any significant impact upon tidal currents or on


refAbstractLine:
wave conditions, and is also likely to have significant effect upon the natural movements of sediment within the region.


refAbstractLine:
Any changes due to dredging will be small in comparison with changes occurring naturally.


refAbstractLine:
Studland dunes and beach have built up during the last three hundred years at least, but have suffered serious erosion


refAbstractLine:
in recent years which threatens the National Trust's property at Knoll and Middle beaches in particular, but is also a


refAbstractLine:
cause for concern at South beach. Long term shoreline management over, for example, the next 25 years needs to


refAbstractLine:
take account of changes in the shoreline over the same time scale. Based on the historical rates of change up to 1993


refAbstractLine:
forecast positions of the shoreline have been made for he next 25 years. The shoreline at Knoll and Middle beaches


refAbstractLine:
has already reached the 25 year position during the last four years. Erosion has also been affecting the southern part of


refAbstractLine:
the main Dune beach and Shell Bay. In parts this has exceeded 5 meters in a single year. The future position of this


refAbstractLine:
beach is expected to fluctuate between erosional and accretion phases but to advance only slightly from the present


refAbstractLine:
position. The very narrow beach at Knoll and Middle beaches provides no protection for the existing walls and gabions.


refAbstractLine:
If the forecast patterns continue the relocation of café, beach huts and other assets will be essential in the next few


refAbstractLine:
years in order to avoid further loses. On these beaches, rebuilding the beach may provide a satisfactory solution in


refAbstractLine:
conjunction with managed set-back because it provides protection to the existing structures under the historically


refAbstractLine:
normal conditions, but set-back is necessary to allow for the more extensive periods of erosion which will remove the


refAbstractLine:
beach. Transfer of sand from the dunes beach at Knoll and Middle beaches would put the dunes at risk during erosion


refAbstractLine:
phases and would also interfere with the natural processes of sediment transport along this beach. South beach will


refAbstractLine:
also suffer erosion although this will be compensated by cliff falls and slides, especially at its southern end. These


refAbstractLine:
changes will put the beach huts at risk. Studland is a very valuable resource ecologically and for amenity, Large scale


refAbstractLine:
intervention in the shoreline processes is likely to damage it and to be unsustainable. Managed setback of the assets


refAbstractLine:
appears to be the best available option.


refAbstractLine:
Analysis of maps (since 1888) and vertical air photos (since 1946) reveal morphological changes that suggest the


refAbstractLine:
continued operation of slope instability processes. Six principle landslide types are recognised and characteristic


refAbstractLine:
landform relations described. Present day evolution of all the slips depend primarily on toe conditions, involving removal


refAbstractLine:
of landslide debris, block slips and sea cliff recession. These results in profile fore-shortening and the downslope


refAbstractLine:
movement of more competent blocks behind. Rear processes, especially rockfalls from backing cliffs, as well as scree


refAbstractLine:
accumulations, result in crown loading. Whole- slope failures are relatively rare, and are not preceded by a series of


refAbstractLine:
increasingly large failures developing rearwards from slope toes.


refAbstractLine:
The proposed works are the second phase of a two phase scheme to protect the Sidmouth frontage. The first phase,


refAbstractLine:
strengthening of the seawall was carried out in 1991. The phase II works are designed to provide additional protection


refAbstractLine:
Review and evaluation of two alternative schemes to reconstruct the existing defence structures behind Chit Rocks.


refAbstractLine:
Longshore drift from the west is minimal, and the existing seawall promotes wave reflection. Proposed schemes are


refAbstractLine:
(I) reconstruction of the concrete toe of the wall; (ii) construction of a rock revetment in front of the wall.  The latter is


refAbstractLine:
Scoping of alternative options relating to renewal of groynes on Orcombe beach, eastern Exmouth frontage. Historical


refAbstractLine:
background to 20th century coastal protection is given including cliff face regrading and stabilisation; seawall


refAbstractLine:
construction and groyning of the beach foreshore. Beach drawdown is a consequence of on-shore sediment exchange


refAbstractLine:
when incident waves approach from the south-south-east. Waves reflect from the seawall and induce scouring of the


refAbstractLine:
backbeach. Longshore transport is from east to west, with transport rates reducing in magnitude at the western end of


refAbstractLine:
this frontage. Little sediment bypasses Orcombe Point, in either direction. Proposed groynes would have little direct


refAbstractLine:
impact on the sediment budget of the entrance to the Exe Estuary.


refAbstractLine:
Volume 1: Management Units; Management objectives; introduction to strategic appraisal of coastal defence options;


refAbstractLine:
appraisal of options for 14 consecutive coastal process units, West Bay to Start Point; preferred options;


refAbstractLine:
recommendations for future monitoring and research; recommendations for future review.


refAbstractLine:
Volume 2: Coastal Processes; Coastal Defences; Human and Built Environment; Natural Environment; Planning,


refAbstractLine:
Policies and legislation. Appendix B: Geology and Geomorphology ; Appendix C: Wave conditions.


refAbstractLine:
Volume 3. Relevant maps cover Shoreline Evolution; sea bed contours; coastal geomorphology;


refAbstractLine:
solid and quaternary geology., sea bed sedimentology; wave conditions; tidal conditions; net longshore transport;


refAbstractLine:
The aim of this study is to determine if removal of sediment from the Maer channel would have any effect on the


refAbstractLine:
sediment budget of the adjacent coastline; and to investigate if sediment movement on Dawlish Warren and Exmouth


refAbstractLine:
beaches is related to mid estuary channel banks. Background on wave and tidal conditions are provided, the latter


refAbstractLine:
partly derived from a two-dimensional tidal model to derive tidal vector plots through both spring and neap tidal range


refAbstractLine:
cycles. Historical background on the morphodynamics and historical changes affecting Dawlish Warren Spit; Exmouth


refAbstractLine:
beach; Poole Sand; Bull Hill Bank and the Exmouth Approach Channel are given. Changes in beach volumes and


refAbstractLine:
Dawlish Warren , 1987-1997 are presented, together with the changes in the volumes and levels of Pole Sands,


refAbstractLine:
1932-1978. Bull Hill Bank is analysed for the same period. The evolution of the form of Exmouth Approach channel is


refAbstractLine:
analysed for successive time periods between 1987 and 1996, giving volume changes for the mid-channel area existing


refAbstractLine:
sediment circulation induced by tidal flows, ordinary (mean) and storm waves is examined, concluding with the


refAbstractLine:
discrimination of two interconnected sediment circulation patterns operating at the mouth of the Exe estuary. One is


refAbstractLine:
driven by waves and the other by waves and tides in combination. The sediment budget for the system as a whole


refAbstractLine:
involves complex off and onshore exchanges as well as long and cross-shore transfer. Appendix A sets out a history of


refAbstractLine:
Dawlish Warren; Appendix E explains the basis of the longshore transport model used in this analysis.


refAbstractLine:
Recommendations on future management provide the conclusion.


refAbstractLine:
An analysis of beach morphodynamic change following the completion of Phase III of the Sidmouth Frontage scheme


refAbstractLine:
(2 offshore breakwaters; 2 rock groynes and 100,000m3 of beach nourishment). Twenty beach surveys (October 1995


refAbstractLine:
to May 1998) revealed substantial movement between Bedford Steps and the York step Groyne, most of it following


refAbstractLine:
beach nourishment in the summer of 1995. Accretion of sand at low tide occurred in the lee of the rock breakwaters. A


refAbstractLine:
further rock groyne and ongoing beach monitoring is recommended.


refAbstractLine:
Mathematical modelling and conceptual analysis suggest that existing shoreline orientation, together with harbour


refAbstractLine:
entrance position, creates a sediment transport divide at the harbour mouth. Gross drift rates on either side of the


refAbstractLine:
harbour entrance are potentially high, and are sensitive to changes in wave approach. Capacity for sediment to


refAbstractLine:
accumulate on the eastern side of the proposed harbour arm is small (approx. 300m3. a-1) in comparison to gross east


refAbstractLine:
to west drift rate. Sediment will therefore by pass the harbour arm. The mouth of the Axe has sufficient flushing capacity


refAbstractLine:
to remove ingressing sediment due to strong ebb currents. Sediment is likely to be moved seawards by a distance


refAbstractLine:
equivalent to the harbour arm extension. A longer extension would potentially have more significant effects by promoting


refAbstractLine:
seawards movement of sediment seawards of the zone of longshore transport.


refAbstractLine:
An assessment of the problems of erosion at Pennington Point and Salcombe Hill, to the east of the mouth of the Sid.


refAbstractLine:
The primary cause of cliff erosion is basal wave erosion, but wave action is critical in controlling beach levels. Two


refAbstractLine:
modes of cliff failure are apparent from recent events, viz. Falls and slides; rotational slumps. Historical erosion rates are


refAbstractLine:
approximately 0.5ma-1, but have been between 1.6 and 1.7m a- since 1989. Pennington Point receded 10m between


refAbstractLine:
1996 and 2001. The fluctuations of beach levels are ascribed to sediment transport along the Sidmouth frontage,


refAbstractLine:
which is a quasi-independent cell with minimal input from the west. Higher magnitude winds and waves from the east


refAbstractLine:
induce apparent offshore losses. Tide and extreme water levels are given together with a conceptual overview of wave


refAbstractLine:
climate. Several alternative options are scoped, covering river wall upgrading; a rock groyne and two rock revetment


refAbstractLine:
schemes. Full economic and environmental appraisal is given in support of each.


refAbstractLine:
A review of the July 1998 report on monitoring requirements for the Sidmouth frontage, emphasising what has been


refAbstractLine:
achieved in the subsequent 3 years and making monitoring recommendations for 2001 to 2006. Analysis of beach


refAbstractLine:
surveys following completion of phase 3 of the Sidmouth scheme 9recharge and recycling of the beach) reveals


refAbstractLine:
various zones of erosion and accretion. A net loss of 4,000m3 has occurred, primarily due to loss of sand within the


refAbstractLine:
recycled shingle. Zones A1 to A3 show beach level fluctuations, but a small net gain. In zones B1 to B4 erosion has


refAbstractLine:
occurred in the lee of the Bedford Steps groyne, but there is generally net accretion and littoral transport from east to


refAbstractLine:
west. Zone B5 to B7 has recorded a new loss, with loss of the original beach crest created in 1998. Losses are most


refAbstractLine:
A synopsis of recently completed research on the presence of three sets of near horizontal caves developed in


refAbstractLine:
Devonian Limestone. Their elevations are correlated with marine planation platforms and raised beach deposits both at


refAbstractLine:
the site and elsewhere in Tor Bay. Marine deposits in Corbridge Cave contain microfauna that suggest they were


refAbstractLine:
formed by a ponding effect as sea-level rose during a middle pleistocene transgression. The cave probably pre-dates


refAbstractLine:
this event and may have been formed either phreatically or in a marine/freshwater mixing zone. It is proposed that cave


refAbstractLine:
development was controlled by mean sea-level; dating of intercalated speleotheum deposits provides a tentative


refAbstractLine:
chronology for the sea-level transgressions.


refAbstractLine:
Detailed geomorphological, geological and geotechnical assessment of the headland between Coryton and Horse


refAbstractLine:
Coves. Stability of the sea cliffs is assessed in the context of local landslipping. The latter is examined principally in


refAbstractLine:
terms of rock lithology and succession; geohydrology; slope gradients, and geotechnical properties of principle rock


refAbstractLine:
Geology and morphology of the cliffs, indicating evidence of current processes. Assessment of medium and longer term


refAbstractLine:
stability is given, identifying potentially unstable zones. Possible remedial measures are set out.


refAbstractLine:
(NB. Annual updating reports for this site, from April 1997 to present are available).


refAbstractLine:
Description of cliff morphology and geology of the section approximately 100m east of the sea wall as a basis for an


refAbstractLine:
assessment of stability. Only small scale mass movement processes are currently operating. There is a risk assessment


refAbstractLine:
of rockfall impacting on the boulder covered foreshore.


refAbstractLine:
Suspended sediment concentrations from nearshore and estuarine locations were collected in the field and the


refAbstractLine:
resulting data was compared to near simultaneous ATM remotely sensed imagery. Variability in water samples, largely


refAbstractLine:
due to changes in prevailing weather conditions at times of sample collection, made correlation with ATM data difficult.


refAbstractLine:
The sample sites included 1. Dawlish Warren and Pole Sands and 2. The lower Exe estuary.


refAbstractLine:
Using Dawlish Warren as a test case, a methodology using GIS that assesses coastline change is presented. It can be


refAbstractLine:
used to review historical change as a predictor of future variations and as an initial desk study for subsequent data


refAbstractLine:
collection and longer-term monitoring. Historical data, especially maps and charts are reviewed for accuracy and reliability.


refAbstractLine:
This case example highlights the lack of nearshore oceanographic data that inhibits full understanding of a major


refAbstractLine:
A review and digest of several of the salient features of the geomorphology of the coastlines of Devon and Cornwall.


refAbstractLine:
Emphasis is on methods and concepts of shoreline management using case studies from the region to illustrate the


refAbstractLine:
relative merits of different approaches. Dawlish Warren is chosen to illustrate 'hard' measures - specifically the use of


refAbstractLine:
armour stone and the building of a wave return wall following the sever impacts of storms in 1989/90. Sea-level rise is


refAbstractLine:
not considered a potential problem except within the estuaries and along the barrier fronted coastline of Start Bay.


refAbstractLine:
Recent initiative in shoreline management planning are reviewed and evaluated.


refAbstractLine:
Archive held by Slapton Ley Field Centre (Field Studies Council) Slapton, Kingsbridge, Devon. TQ7 2QP


refAbstractLine:
Detailed description of proposed works to complete Phase 3 of the Beesands Sea Defence Scheme. Background


refAbstractLine:
summary of incident waves and calculations of overtopping frequencies for waves of varying mean significant heights


refAbstractLine:
and periods are given. Extreme water levels associated with 1 in 10 to 1 in 100 return period storms are used to


refAbstractLine:
evaluate the projected performance of the proposed blockstone and drainage system.


refAbstractLine:
Input into a longer-term investigation into the water quality of the Teign estuary and the production of a water quality


refAbstractLine:
management plan. Hydrographic survey and water circulation patterns; suspended sediment concentrations and tidal


refAbstractLine:
regime have been investigated directly, together with other indices of quality and contaminant loading. The Teign


refAbstractLine:
estuary is a shallow estuary showing partial mixing of marine and riverine inputs. Increased stratification of the water


refAbstractLine:
column is evident towards the estuary head.


refAbstractLine:
A detailed analysis of the relative movements of offshore banks and bars at and seawards of the mouth of the Teign.


refAbstractLine:
This is based on hydrographic survey and observation between 1836 and the early 1850s. Growth and breaching of a


refAbstractLine:
hooked extension that accretion patterns show a three phase 3 to 7 year cycle of change. Hydrodynamics explanation


refAbstractLine:
involves some references to ebb and flood tidal stream but not waves.


refAbstractLine:
beach profiles, measured at 6 month repeated intervals, 1987 to 1995, along the seaward face of Dawlish Warren Spit


refAbstractLine:
and analysed for spatial and temporal trends. Results reveal loss of volume and width at and adjacent to the proximal


refAbstractLine:
sector; and expansion in the distal sector. The latter is apparently subject to greater inter-annual fluctuations.


refAbstractLine:
Everywhere, summer construction and winter drawdown was recorded.


refAbstractLine:
A set of 32 35mm slides that detail the destruction of fishing village of Hallsands between 1904 and 1917 as a


refAbstractLine:
consequence of the removal of shingle (for aggregate) immediately offshore in 1897. Most of the slides reproduce


refAbstractLine:
contemporary photographic and cartographical evidence; the modern condition of the site (in the 1970's) constitute the


refAbstractLine:
final 6 slides in the sequence. Each slide is described in a detailed set of notes that accompany this resource.


refAbstractLine:
A narrative using contemporary and archival resource material, of the causes and consequences of the dredging and


refAbstractLine:
removal of over 3 million m3 of shingle immediately offshore Hallsands, south Devon, in 1897. The existent beach was


refAbstractLine:
drawndown and a succession of storms between 1904 and 1917 substantially destroyed the village. The economic


refAbstractLine:
impacts are documented, together with the debate between the main parties involved.


refAbstractLine:
The monthly water balance of Slapton Ley, April 1973 to March 1977, is described. The hydrology of this shallow


refAbstractLine:
freshwater lagoon reflects rapid response to catchment rainfall and river discharge, but also to the artificial outflow


refAbstractLine:
control. For more than half the year, seepage represents the major output and thus controls the water budget.


refAbstractLine:
Hydraulic retention averages 18 days, equivalent to a flushing rate of 20  years. Winter flooding can result in the loss of


refAbstractLine:
up to one third of the Ley's volume in 24 hours. Throughflow is determined by the ratio of catchment area to lake flow.


refAbstractLine:
trinity House are required to operate and replace lighthouse facilities and other facilities built in coastal locations subject


refAbstractLine:
to coastal weathering and slope instability. This paper describes geotechnical monitoring and mapping diagnostic


refAbstractLine:
features of instability that have, or have the potential to induce structural failure. Several examples are included with a


refAbstractLine:
detailed case study of Start Point Lighthouse; here wedge and planar failures have caused previous building collapse


refAbstractLine:
and are being monitored through geological mapping via lateral photography and determination of shear strength


refAbstractLine:
A summary of the dynamic succession of plants/shrub cover on Slapton Sands barrier, noting characteristic and


refAbstractLine:
indicator species. Zonation pattern reflects variables such as exposure to wind; groundwater salinity; substrate mobility


refAbstractLine:
and drainage; and the availability of nutrients. Recent dedication of car parking has helped to remove colonisation


refAbstractLine:
pressures, Fresh inputs of shingle introduces a cyclic element to succession at all barrier locations. Only the backslope


refAbstractLine:
Detailed analysis of several fixed and mobile bed physical model experiments designed to examine the optimum design


refAbstractLine:
and performance of a training wall to stabilise the harbour entrance channel. Dredging of an area adjacent to the


refAbstractLine:
harbour side of the training wall is unlikely to need further maintenance dredging. The beach to the north of the pier will


refAbstractLine:
experience the same fluctuation of level as at present. None of the tests which conclude that the channel could be


refAbstractLine:
stabilised also involved an increase in depth without dredging. Scheme III offers improvements to sewage discharge.


refAbstractLine:
Mathematical and physical models reveal that a combination of offshore breakwater to the west of the frontage, two


refAbstractLine:
rock groynes and beach replenishment would be the preferred option to solve problems of beach stability. Historically,


refAbstractLine:
beach levels have fallen along the western and central frontages as a consequence of net west to east longshore drift


refAbstractLine:
and the trapping effects of both groynes and the breakwater acting as a training wall for the mouth of the Sid. Wave


refAbstractLine:
climate was based on mathematical prediction, whilst the physical model was used to test several offshore breakwater


refAbstractLine:
and/or groyne configurations. Net and gross rates of longshore transport were calculated using a mathematical model


refAbstractLine:
of shingle transport. This was used in conjunction with predicted heights and periods for waves from ESE, SSE and


refAbstractLine:
Research over the past 30 years has confirmed a low Deversian sea level (-40 at circa 10,000 years B.P.) The rapid


refAbstractLine:
rise of Holocene sea-level created the barrier beaches of Start Bay, which were all largely in their modern positions by


refAbstractLine:
2000 B.P. Shore profile, especially beach changes have been documented for the past century (monthly surveys of


refAbstractLine:
Slapton Sands 1971 to present). These reveal a highly dynamic condition, with seasonal changes of considerable


refAbstractLine:
magnitude. Documentary evidence suggests progressive beach narrowing throughout the twentieth century, with


refAbstractLine:
beach crest lowering at Torcross between 1972 and 1986. Conversely, beach levels increased at Strete Gate up to


refAbstractLine:
1986. Human intervention has been point-specific, but has everywhere contributed to beach drawdown; the well know


refAbstractLine:
history of Hallsands is not wholly exceptional, though its impacts were dramatic. A research agenda is proposed,


refAbstractLine:
concentrating on analysis of existing (and future) beach profile data; and potential future impacts of climate change.


refAbstractLine:
A series of review chapters providing summary and statistical data on both the natural and socio-economic dimensions


refAbstractLine:
of the coastline. Each chapter contains reference sources and a guide to further sources of information. Specific detail


refAbstractLine:
on habitat characteristics, indicator and rare species are provided for saltmarshes; nearshore marine areas; sand dunes;


refAbstractLine:
vegetated shingle, lagoons and estuaries.


refAbstractLine:
A coastal landslide at West Down Beacon, Budleigh Salterton, is used to illustrate a technique which simultaneously


refAbstractLine:
combines normal binocular vision and the examination of stereo pairs of photographs. Semi- quantitative results may be


refAbstractLine:
obtained in the field by comparing the directly observed view with a photograph taken earlier. The technique is most


refAbstractLine:
useful for observing rapid and small-scale changes subsequent to the recording of the (first) photograph. This is applied


refAbstractLine:
to landslide toe movement, giving close estimates of displacement between precise dates.


refAbstractLine:
The cliffs at Budleigh Salterton are divided into five units based on stratigraphical succession of the principal


refAbstractLine:
Permo-Triassic strat. Each unit correlates with a distinctive geomorphological form, determined by weathering


refAbstractLine:
processes, wave attack and groundwater discharge. Constant geomorphological activity induces changes which have


refAbstractLine:
been monitored and mapped using high-oblique aerial photos. These have been used to identify the specific risks


refAbstractLine:
(hazards) present within each unit. The timing of major landslide (failure) events appears to be a function of external


refAbstractLine:
forcing factors, such as antecedent climatic conditions. Hazard zone maps should prove of value to planning and


refAbstractLine:
Major variations in sea level have resulted from climatic changes in the Quaternary. In addition, beyond the maximum


refAbstractLine:
limit of glaciation, preigalcial climates in southern Britian have produced Quaternary deposits which affect the nature of


refAbstractLine:
coastal slopes and their response to marine erosion. Examples are given of cliffs in head (solifluction) deposits which


refAbstractLine:
overlie raised shore platforms in Devon. The present styles and distribution of coastal landslide hazards, recorded in


refAbstractLine:
recent surveys, are directly related to past Quaternary sea levels and climatic fluctuations. Future trends in relative sea


refAbstractLine:
level are a significant factor in the determination of the hazards in the longer term, as there could be changes in the


refAbstractLine:
level at which marine erosion is effective. Rankings of the hazards, which should in any case be updated routinely by


refAbstractLine:
repeated monitoring of the landslide activity, ought to reflect expected changes in sea level.


refAbstractLine:
A review and summary of the literature on the number, origin and chronology of raised beach sediments that occur in


refAbstractLine:
association with marine platforms on the Dorset, South Devon and Cornish coastlines. Recent research, using


refAbstractLine:
amino-acid geochronology, has determined that the deposits date from two separate stages of the Pleistocene.


refAbstractLine:
These are probably oxygen isotope stage 5 and 7, both temperate interglacials when temperatures were similar to


refAbstractLine:
today's. Fossil dune material overlying several raised beach sediments were probably deposited during stage(s) of falling


refAbstractLine:
sea-level. The lithostratigraphy, palaeontology, amino-acid geochronology of the Portland Hope's Nose, Shaolstone


refAbstractLine:
and Thatcher Rock (Torbay) raised beaches are described and interpreted in detail.


refAbstractLine:
An examination of the phenomena of paired or 'double' spits at estuary mouths, using a range of examples from the


refAbstractLine:
southern, western and eastern coasts of England. This includes Dawlish Warren and Exmouth spit,. The latter is much


refAbstractLine:
smaller than the former and cartographical evidence for the period 1809 to 1960 suggests that it has been stable


refAbstractLine:
throughout. Yet Dawlish Warren has been repeatedly breached and reformed. It is suggested that the process of


refAbstractLine:
counter-drift may explain the development of Exmouth Spit, which apparently does not receive sediment inputs from the


refAbstractLine:
periodic breaching of the distal sector of Dawlish Warren.


refAbstractLine:
reprinted in: Schwartz, M.L. (eds.) (1972) Spits and bars. John Wiley, Chichester.


refAbstractLine:
Detailed synopsis and interpretation of the impact and evidence of fluctuating relative sea-levels and climatic change


refAbstractLine:
during the Pleistocene and Holocene. Varying views on chronology and stratigraphy are considered, but it is difficult to


refAbstractLine:
develop a definitive regional model because of considerable site-specific variation and lack of sedimentary evidence at


refAbstractLine:
may locations. Much of this paper relates to Cornwall and the Bristol Channel coastline with only a few references to


refAbstractLine:
evidence of raised beaches and submerged shorelines of the South Devon coast.


refAbstractLine:
A review of global literature on the formation of cusps on shingle beaches, emphasising conflicting conclusions and


refAbstractLine:
remaining uncertainties. Analysis of a 12 month series (July 1981-June1982) of cusp observations on Sidmouth Town


refAbstractLine:
beach suggested that their creation was favoured by the combination of an offshore wind and long period, low height


refAbstractLine:
waves. Several variables, such as a beach gradient and sediment size sorting, were not measured. It is not possible


refAbstractLine:
to offer any explanation for the spacing regularity of the observed cusp array. Wave heights and periods were


refAbstractLine:
observed daily, and summarised data is presented.


refAbstractLine:
The National Rivers Authority (NRA) is responsible for issuing warnings when tidal and meteorological conditions


refAbstractLine:
threaten overtopping of coastal sea defences and subsequent flooding. The operational prediction of the wave climate


refAbstractLine:
around the coast based on the Meteorological Office Fine Mesh Wave Model forms an important component of this


refAbstractLine:
service. In order to validate and improve operational wave predictions, one year of wave measurements are being


refAbstractLine:
undertaken at three UK sites, in Lyme Bay, at Mablethorpe off the Lincolnshire coast and in Morecambe Bay.


refAbstractLine:
This first quarter report presents results obtained from Lyme Bay between 24 July and 24 October 1992.


refAbstractLine:
A general explanation of the causes of tidal oscillation, and some characteristic amplitudes, exemplified by the coasts of


refAbstractLine:
the British Channel and between Plymouth and Bournemouth. Tidal ranges and levels at major ports are given. On the


refAbstractLine:
south coast, Devonport has the longest duration of standing water. Tidal current velocities are closely correlated to


refAbstractLine:
tidal height. Asymmetry is marked in estuaries. The implications of tidal range to harbour engineering are examined with


refAbstractLine:
reference to examples on the Bristol Channel coasts.


refAbstractLine:
An overview of the hydraulic and geomorphological character of the Start Bay coastline, focussing on the southern


refAbstractLine:
sector. Beach fluctuations at Beesands and Torcross are likely to be linked to losses experienced at Hallsands in the


refAbstractLine:
early twentieth century as well as to periods of sustained northwards littoral transport. Recent events of surge tide and


refAbstractLine:
storm overtopping of current defences are reported in detail. Several recommended measures to alleviate threats to


refAbstractLine:
property and infrastructure are put forward.


refAbstractLine:
Review of recent beach and cliffline erosional processes and shoreline recession trends for sectors of the South and


refAbstractLine:
East Devon coastline. Comments on present and potential protection problems are given. Each sector is described in


refAbstractLine:
terms of coastal orientation, wave climate, characteristic landforms and their evolution, sea defence history and current


refAbstractLine:
Selective description of the lithology, palaeontology and structural geology of Dorset, Devon, Somerset and Cornwall.


refAbstractLine:
General summaries are followed by more detailed descriptions of quarry, coastal and other exposures. Several sites


refAbstractLine:
between Start Point and the Foreland (Swanage) are used. There is no reference to geomorphological processes


refAbstractLine:
Mapping of tidal current vectors on and marginal to the Skerries Bank allows calculation of residual currents (peak


refAbstractLine:
ebb minus peak flood velocities). These reveal that values are low (0.25 to 0.30 m sec-1) over the axis of the Skerries,


refAbstractLine:
and lower that they are in the adjoining seawards region. This may help to account for the apparent stability of the


refAbstractLine:
Suspended sediment samples taken from the Western English Channel and Western Approaches contain size-sorted


refAbstractLine:
benthic foraniniferal tests derived from continental shelf sediments. Similar associations of small tests occur in several


refAbstractLine:
estuaries, where the indigenous living assemblages are totally different. Net transport from the shelf to these estuaries is


refAbstractLine:
therefore inferred. Tests <200 are comparable to silt sized particles, thus this size grade of clastic sediment may also


refAbstractLine:
move on similar pathways. An order of magnitude estimate of the transport budget is given, the Exe estuary is used as


refAbstractLine:
an example, but much of the data in this paper relates to the Celtic Sea and Seven estuary.


refAbstractLine:
A brief narrative of the large-scale cliff failure at Bindon, focusing on its scale. Contemporary accounts are used to


refAbstractLine:
Application of W.V. Lewis's (1938) theory of the adaptation of shoreline planform to the direction(s) of dominant wave


refAbstractLine:
attack to the coastline of south-west England. One of the examples is Portland Bill to Start Point, which exemplifies the


refAbstractLine:
recurring characteristics of intended western shorelines contrasting with a relatively smooth, regular, eastern shoreline


refAbstractLine:
curve. The latter is roughly at right angles to the approach of dominant waves, from the south-west. Irregular western


refAbstractLine:
sectors are partly the result of primary headland protection which therefore also factors in geological controls.


refAbstractLine:
Minutes of meeting to discuss the integrity of the harbour basin beach (spit) and existing defence structures in the


refAbstractLine:
context of significant erosion during the winter of 2000/2001. Multiple flood events on the Axe have combined with


refAbstractLine:
strong ebb tides to scour the western shingle beach boundary to the river exit. Details of agreed remedial protection


refAbstractLine:
Progressive erosion of the shingle beach forming the Sidmouth frontage had become serious by the late 1980's. The


refAbstractLine:
principal cause of accelerated erosion was the construction of the original sea wall on the 1830's. This had 'fixed' the


refAbstractLine:
beach position, whilst the cliffline to east and west continued to erode. The seawall also promoted reflective scour and


refAbstractLine:
fresh input from longshore drift was insufficient to maintain adequate beach equilibrium. This paper summaries the


refAbstractLine:
salient findings of a series of studies of the process regime and a 3-D physical model study of beach response to four


refAbstractLine:
protection options. Waves from both the SE and SW were input into each of the options. The preferred option


refAbstractLine:
involved siting two oblique offshore breakwaters; two downdrift rock groynes and beach replenishment. Detailed design


refAbstractLine:
and construction are described and evaluated, together with early results from post project monitoring.


refAbstractLine:
A review of documented changes in beach levels, from north of the Pier southwards to the tip of the Ness, since the


refAbstractLine:
first decade of the twentieth century. General theories to explain the complexity of on and offshore movements mostly


refAbstractLine:
involve apparently cyclical behaviour of the growth, breaching and net offshore migration of a hooked - extension of


refAbstractLine:
the Ness. These are linked in an 9as yet unquantified) system of offshore bar movements. Beach levels fluctuate


refAbstractLine:
considerably; weekly beach levels along the whole frontage, 1954 to 1956 indicate no conformity to assumptions of


refAbstractLine:
summer accretion and winter drawdown. Changes appear to correlate with variation in incident waves (though the


refAbstractLine:
latter have not been measured). Littoral drift is also subject to reversal, but has a small net north-to-south residual. Flood


refAbstractLine:
tide induced accretion occurs in the lower estuary, close to the Salty.


refAbstractLine:
The 20m groyne extension (completed April 2000) has performed well and its effects have been largely as predicted.


refAbstractLine:
The east to west migration of the river channel across the outer bar has moderated, and the harbour entrance is slightly


refAbstractLine:
more stable in its NNE-SSW direction. There has been significant shingle accretion on the east side of the entrance,


refAbstractLine:
building the storm beach to the foot of Haven Cliff.


refAbstractLine:
The post mid-Tertiary erosional history of the Dart basin, based on the evidence of erosional surfaces, river patterns


refAbstractLine:
and gradient. The 690 foot surface is the highest of a sequence of ten inferred marine still-stands, represented by


refAbstractLine:
near-horizontal surfaces. Younger surfaces are fragmentally represented close to the margins of the Dart estuary, as


refAbstractLine:
Four separate papers, giving synopses of research on the erosional history of parts of the south-west of England


refAbstractLine:
(published in full in separate papers, q.v.). Brunsden describes and interprets the apparent planation surfaces of the


refAbstractLine:
Dart basin; Orme describes and analyses surface remnants on and adjacent to the coastline between Bolt Tail and


refAbstractLine:
Blackstone point (The South Hams); Kidson provides an account of the River Exe, but with little reference to its


refAbstractLine:
estuarine section. Both Brunsden and Orme identify a compatible sequence of surfaces inferred to have marine origins


refAbstractLine:
related to Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations. Orme attempts some tentative relative dating, and notes the extension of


refAbstractLine:
similar "staircase" topography below Start Bay.


refAbstractLine:
Recent monitoring at three sites in England and Wales, one of which includes Start Bay (Slapton


refAbstractLine:
Sands, Beesands, N. Hallsands and Blackpool Sands), has shown morphodynamic characteristics


refAbstractLine:
atypical of model behaviour. Start Bay beaches do not exhibit any uniform erosion or accretion trend,


refAbstractLine:
nor any progressive variation in beach elevation or alongshore volume. Beach variability is greatest


refAbstractLine:
during the winter period but there is no overall tendency for intertidal 'drawdown' of sediment during


refAbstractLine:
that season. High beach levels are not an exclusively summer phenomena with short response times


refAbstractLine:
between forcing conditions and beach form at all times of the year. Beach height fluctuates


refAbstractLine:
considerably at the mid tide level and sediment eroded from the upper beach profiles does not


refAbstractLine:
consistently appear on the lower foreshore profile.


refAbstractLine:
A review of the availability of vertical aerial photography sorties covering the coastal environment


refAbstractLine:
of Dorset, Devon and Cornwall, Somerset and Avon and the uses to which they are put by those with


refAbstractLine:
research interests and various levels of management responsibility. The problems of coastal site


refAbstractLine:
mapping, and the derivation of quantitative data, are reviewed in the context of the needs to define


refAbstractLine:
and monitor physical forms and processes. Loose specifications in the commissioning of air photo


refAbstractLine:
Non-marine inter-tidal and inshore marine sediments have been recognised in 43 cores collected from


refAbstractLine:
the seabed off south-east Devon. Foraminiferal assemblages were used as criteria to distinguish


refAbstractLine:
depositional environments. Pollen analyses of intertidal muds, deposited on the margins of a


refAbstractLine:
submerged south-eastwards extension of the Exe channel, reveal that they formed when the sea-level


refAbstractLine:
was between -36m and -18m O.D. Muddy sands covers inter-tidal deposits probably deposited in


refAbstractLine:
sub-littoral (nearshore) zone seawards of the transgressive early to mid Holocene shoreline.


refAbstractLine:
Authigenic pyrite and glauconite in several sediment types indicates that the former is syngenetic,


refAbstractLine:
whilst the latter has formed during the early stages of diagenesis.


refAbstractLine:
Review of the literature reporting evidence for local and regional chronologies of relative sea-level


refAbstractLine:
change in the late Tertiary, Pleistocene and Holocene periods. Covers both North and South Devon


refAbstractLine:
coastlines, but with specific reference to changing positions of the shoreline in Tor Bay, Start Bay,


refAbstractLine:
the Teign and Exe Estuaries. Characteristic lithofacies and stratographies for several selected sites


refAbstractLine:
are summarised and a synthesis attempted.


refAbstractLine:
An engineering geological survey and assessment of the cliff has been made. The report provides description of


refAbstractLine:
the cliff, assessment of stability and risks, and recommendations for precautionary and stabilisation works and


refAbstractLine:
The cliff included in the survey and assessment extends over a length of 350m. In the central section, the cliff


refAbstractLine:
profile is generally very steep or subvertical, with overhanging sections, and ranges up to about 14m in height.


refAbstractLine:
In the eastern and western sections, the cliffs are less than 8m high and the profiles are generally steep and well


refAbstractLine:
vegetated, and in places concealed by walls and buildings.


refAbstractLine:
The overall condition and configuration of the cliff appears generally favourable for stability on the large scale,


refAbstractLine:
but there is some significant potential for local instability for the very steep slopes and overhangs. Loose sand


refAbstractLine:
and weathered sandstones in the upper levels, and the very steep profile, present a high risk of instability.


refAbstractLine:
Proposals for precautionary and Stabilisation Works and a Cliff Management Plan are presented in the report


refAbstractLine:
appendices. Recommended precautionary and stabilisation works include general scaling and localised removal,


refAbstractLine:
reprofiling and reinforcement, and associated amenity improvements. The subsequent Cliff Management Plan


refAbstractLine:
should include annual inspection, with maintenance as necessary, as well as accident and emergency procedures.


refAbstractLine:
Geology and past instability of the Beer Beach Cliffs to either side of Sea Hill, Beer Bay provides the


refAbstractLine:
background for an assessment of current stability following substantial falls in January and March 2001.


refAbstractLine:
Recommendations are made for remedial stabilisation works, subsequent management and monitoring.


refAbstractLine:
Appendices cover: Cliff face descriptions, past and recent photographs, site history, cliff fall chronology,


refAbstractLine:
geology, cliff stabilisation proposals and a cliff management plan.


refAbstractLine:
Detailed description of the result of repetitive field mapping (1968-1973)of a complex marine and sub-aerial


refAbstractLine:
cliff complex. this approach involved mapping of slope facets; regolith and soil type descriptions and the


refAbstractLine:
clarification and mapping of vegetation communities. Evidence of several types and scales of mass movement is


refAbstractLine:
apparent including vegetated areas. Shallow sliding is the principle process of coastal slope instability, triggered


refAbstractLine:
by basal marine undermining of the cliff base. Sliding is fed by rotational shearing of the cliff top. The cliff


refAbstractLine:
system as a whole maintains a vegetation cover of approximately 75% despite two or three slide movements per


refAbstractLine:
annum. This is also evident from analysis of aerial photographs of the site, back to 1946. Debris and vegetation


refAbstractLine:
mass move intermittently at a longer term average of 0.5m a-1 with a spatially variable rate of cliff top retreat of


refAbstractLine:
0.63m a-1 (1946-1970). The cliff system, overall, has maintained an equilibrium conditions over the period of


refAbstractLine:
A comparison of the mobility of the principle channel and estuarine sandbanks of the Spey and recent erosion of


refAbstractLine:
Dawlish Warren. The latter covers aspects of recent changes in the spit and offshore banks adjacent to the


refAbstractLine:
approach channel, and their relationship to erosion of the distal and proximal components of Dawlish Warren.


refAbstractLine:
The recommendations of Hydraulics Research station (1965) to provide protection have been modified; preference


refAbstractLine:
is for a series of short groynes and replenishment of 23,000m3 taken from Bull Hill Sands.


refAbstractLine:
Description and partial interpretation of the 'macro' geological structure and principle rock types, arranged by


refAbstractLine:
age. The latter are described for their lithology and palaeontology. Several maps and sections relate to rock


refAbstractLine:
outcrops, stratigraphic and structural features exposed on the east and south Devon coastline.


refAbstractLine:
(N.B. This edition has now been superseded : see  Edmonds et al. 1975)


refAbstractLine:
Admiralty hydrographic charts and other surveys reveal the presence of three cliff-like features offshore the


refAbstractLine:
coasts of Devon and Cornwall. They are interpreted as degraded former coastlines of Late Tertiary age; the


refAbstractLine:
highest cliff has an apparent veneer of presumed Flandrian (Holocene) sediments.


refAbstractLine:
Earth science background to planning and development issues and potential projects. Data on bedrock geology,


refAbstractLine:
superficial geology, geomorphology, slopes, soils, geotechnical conditions, mineral workings and ground


refAbstractLine:
characteristics appropriate to planning and development are collated and interpreted. Each major topic is


refAbstractLine:
illustrated by a 1:25,000 map. Coastal conditions are not separately discussed,  but feature in most sections.


refAbstractLine:
Most detail is provided on coastal slope instability and cliffline recession.


refAbstractLine:
Measurements of velocity profiles have been obtained within 2m of the sea bed, over rippled sand to Start Bay.


refAbstractLine:
Threshold of movement of the sand has been determined from simultaneous observation by underwater TV. As


refAbstractLine:
the sand moves, the ripples change their shape; this causes changes in the entrianment threshold during the tidal


refAbstractLine:
cycle. The calculated suspended sediment concentration at the height of bed roughness length was proportional


refAbstractLine:
to the normalised excess shear stress, with a constant proportionality of 0o78x10-4. Concentration at a height of


refAbstractLine:
10cm was proportional to the fifth power of shearing included in the water velocity.


refAbstractLine:
Summary of the main rock types and geological structures in Devon, Cornwall and Somerset. Much of the


refAbstractLine:
region's structural history and rock lithology is known for coastal outcrops. There is a brief review of Pleistocene


refAbstractLine:
coastal change and contemporary coastal features with brief reference to characteristic features and examples


refAbstractLine:
Compilation of raw data on tide current velocities; tidal heights; seabed samples (including PSD curves) for


refAbstractLine:
stations at Exe estuary approach channel; offshore Dawlish and Straight Point (No Interpretation).


refAbstractLine:
A review and digest of current understanding of the variety of both erosional and depositional landforms along


refAbstractLine:
the Devon and Cornwall coastlines. problems of understanding their geomorphological origins are emphasised.


refAbstractLine:
Much of the content relates to Cornwall and North Devon, but the barriers of Start Bay; Dawlish Warren and


refAbstractLine:
shore platforms in Tor Bay receive some attention.


refAbstractLine:
The Start Bay barrier beach has dammed the higher and lower Leys at Slapton, which are separated by a rock


refAbstractLine:
spur. Although the higher Ley drains into the lower, the two basins are distinctly different in terms of ecology


refAbstractLine:
and water chemistry. Beneath the lower Ley, peats over estuarine clays, C-14 dates indicate that the estuarine


refAbstractLine:
phase ended once the shingle barrier was in place at approx. 3000 years B.P. The two lakes became separated at


refAbstractLine:
circa. 1000 A.D. The most recent lake sediments have a high diatom content.


refAbstractLine:
A brief note of relative abundance of Sr (Strontium) and Ba (Barytes) in samples of estuarine sediments. The


refAbstractLine:
first is derived from marine skeletal debris and has a higher concentration near the estuary mouth. The second


refAbstractLine:
derives from fluvial input, and is much higher in the upper estuary. A distinct mixing zone can be discerned.


refAbstractLine:
Brief description of a semi-rotational failure in the coastal slopes to the south-east of Exmouth town centre, it is


refAbstractLine:
induced, principally, by hydrogeological conditions.


refAbstractLine:
A review of the environmental features of the main mudflat and marsh areas, as well as Dawlish Warren,


refAbstractLine:
potentially affected by water level management practices. Exminster Marshes are examined in detail.


refAbstractLine:
Distinct lithological successions have produced a variety of landslides forms and processes between Budleigh


refAbstractLine:
Salterton and Little Cove. Cliff top recession over the past 100 years has been determined from O.S. maps and


refAbstractLine:
air photos. Very large failure events are rare, but have a major impact on cliff top recession as they involve


refAbstractLine:
several tens of metres. Smaller events tend to be self-perpetuating, accounting for recession rates of 1-2m a-1


refAbstractLine:
locally. A series of geomorphological maps are used to illustrate the development of one closely monitored


refAbstractLine:
A photographic monitoring system to detect displacements in coastal slopes is described. It is potentially useful


refAbstractLine:
in updating landslide hazards zonation and could be applied to change in beach morphology. Causes and


refAbstractLine:
mechanisms of landsliding can be diagnosed and remedial / protective measures monitored. Accompanying


refAbstractLine:
illustrations feature mudslide movements affecting the cliffs west of Budleigh Salterton.


refAbstractLine:
Thick "head" deposits, overlying schitose bedrock, west of Start Point are a legacy from former perigalcial


refAbstractLine:
conditions. They exhibit a variety of mass movement features, including shallow slides. These result from the


refAbstractLine:
reactivation of failure surfaces induced by basal cliff recession and exposure of fresh head sections. geotechnical


refAbstractLine:
A review of sediment transport mechanisms at the mouth of the Teign, Ness Spit and the Denn and of apparent


refAbstractLine:
cyclical fluctuations of off and nearshore bar migration and beach volumes. The shoreline protection history of


refAbstractLine:
the Teignmouth frontage is given in detail, as is the proposal for the construction of a harbour breakwater to


refAbstractLine:
protect the navigation channel. Original data is largely confined to beach profile measurements. Analysis reveals


refAbstractLine:
that groynes built in the latter 1970s have intercepted NE to SW littoral transport, thus helping to maintain high


refAbstractLine:
beach levels. this has also been assisted by small scale "sporadic" replenishment since 1976.


refAbstractLine:
Changes to the coastline of S.W. England, between -76 and -21m covering the Holocene between 11,500 and 8,000


refAbstractLine:
yr. B.P. are described and analysed with reference to buried peat deposits. Subsequent sea-level changes are difficult


refAbstractLine:
to identify because of the absence of organic horizons; however there is archaeological evidence for a possible


refAbstractLine:
Romano-British sea-level transgression. This is ambiguous and it is suggested that post-formational consolidation of


refAbstractLine:
Romano-British (and later) sediments may have occurred. Evidence of contemporary sea-level rise from tide gauge


refAbstractLine:
records suggest that the rate is faster than that for the mid to late Holocene determined from sediment stratigraphy and


refAbstractLine:
computed rates of sedimentation (The latter are interpreted as the response to sea-level rise in the context of


refAbstractLine:
maintenance of the equilibrium of sea-level position). Much of the evidence used is derived from the North Devon and


refAbstractLine:
A background review of sediment transport and beach morphodynamics at the site prefaces a modelling study of wave


refAbstractLine:
climate. Calculations of wave heights and water levels experienced during recent storms reveal that they have return


refAbstractLine:
periods of less that 2 years. Overtopping of existing defences would be severe under the design conditions of the worst


refAbstractLine:
case 50 year return period (joint probability) sea state. A sea defence scheme is proposed that includes 'acceptable'


refAbstractLine:
overtopping frequency and protection. Numerical modelling indicates a net northwards drift of approximately 14,000 m3


refAbstractLine:
Result of a 1:30 scale two dimensional physical model in a random flume to determine the stability overtopping and


refAbstractLine:
reflection performance of the proposed revetment. A single armour size was instigated using a range of theoretical


refAbstractLine:
water levels and wave conditions. Several tests revealed that toe armour rock (1-2 tonnes) was stable for all conditions


refAbstractLine:
tested; armour rock of 204 tonnes was acceptably stable at a 30% slope angle. The proposed structure will give lower


refAbstractLine:
An initial evaluation of the composition and origin of coarse clastic barrier beaches, including Slapton Sands and


refAbstractLine:
Chesil Beach. Emphasis is placed on anomalous sedimentology in context of coastal rock outcrops accessible to


refAbstractLine:
contemporary longshore transport. Explanation of lateral and cross-shore morphosedimentary variation is attempted in


refAbstractLine:
terms of wave climate and beach orientation.


refAbstractLine:
Field measurements indicate that the primary process of cliff erosion is overland flow. Debris is removed by wave


refAbstractLine:
splash and direct wave impact. Data is based on experimental use of monumented pins, October 1981 to April 1982.


refAbstractLine:
Basal conglomerate proved resistant to erosion, but up to 75mm of recession was measured on upper sandstone


refAbstractLine:
surfaces. Wave heights and periods were routinely measured throughout experimental period.


refAbstractLine:
A chronology of relative sea-level change around the coastline of the South West peninsula since approximately


refAbstractLine:
15,000 years B.P. Most of the content relates to Flandrian events derived from analysis of buried peats and interbedded


refAbstractLine:
sediments on the Bristol Channel coast. Reference is made to apparent submerged clifflines; buried peats offshore


refAbstractLine:
Torquay and Teignmouth dating to approx 8,500 years B.P. are also mentioned, but are not integrated into a narrative


refAbstractLine:
of coastline change for South Devon. The submerged cliffline at -42m off Plymouth Sound is regarded as late


refAbstractLine:
Changes to coastal features such as spits can be both dramatic and gradual. Many physical processes influence the


refAbstractLine:
morphology of such features by encouraging erosion or accretion of sediments. When studying spit development,


refAbstractLine:
wave dominated processes are more influential on the seaward face whereas tidal streams will effect the distal end and


refAbstractLine:
Dawlish Warren sand spit provides an essential flood defence role, protecting the Exe Estuary from wave penetration


refAbstractLine:
and consists of many fragile flora and fauna habitats. With the analysis of Hydrographic Charts and Ordnance Survey


refAbstractLine:
maps morphological changes are discussed and related to sediment movements at the mouth of the Exe Estuary.


refAbstractLine:
Throughout the study the sensitivity of the spit is indicated and the importance of sustainable but effective management


refAbstractLine:
The geomorphological characteristic of Dawlish Warren Spit and its hydraulic context are outlined followed by a


refAbstractLine:
synopsis of research on progressive erosion. A series of solutions are proposed and each is evaluated on the partial


refAbstractLine:
basis of topographical and hydrographic survey data collected in the winter period 1962:63. A series of measures are


refAbstractLine:
recommended with preference for a long groyne 750 feet from the distal point and beach nourishment. Reasons for


refAbstractLine:
these conclusions are given, outlining potential benefits.


refAbstractLine:
Description of the design and testing of a physical model to investigate the causes of and solutions to the progressive


refAbstractLine:
erosion of the seaward side of Dawlish Warren Spit. The study revealed that predominant wave energy is from the


refAbstractLine:
west/south-west and that waves from the east or south-east are refracted by Pole Sands. Several sets and


refAbstractLine:
configurations of groynes were modelled to assess their relative success in retaining sediment moved SW to NE by net


refAbstractLine:
longshore drift. A single groyne 1000 ft long and positioned 750ft from the distal point was considered the most


refAbstractLine:
efficient solution. Nourishment was recommended as a supplementary measure if this groyne should prove less efficient,


refAbstractLine:
than predicted, if constructed. Pole Sands might provide a suitable source of material for replenishment.


refAbstractLine:
In total 452 defence elements are categorised as condition Class 4: a condition requiring significant works within the


refAbstractLine:
The above represents an increase of 6.4% in the number and 11.7% in the length of Class 4 defence elements since


refAbstractLine:
A high level of residency is evident with 70% of defences being categorised as Class 4 since the original 1991 survey.


refAbstractLine:
The regional variation is significant; for example in the York Area 78% of defences are resident since 1994, whilst in the


refAbstractLine:
Cambridge Area 63% of Class 4 defences are new in this year's survey.


refAbstractLine:
There is a significant increase in the number of Class 4 defences now being included in long term plans such as


refAbstractLine:
Shoreline Management Plans. In the 1996 survey some 50% of Class 4 defences did not have a policy assigned, this


refAbstractLine:
has dropped to 20% in this year's survey.


refAbstractLine:
Abstract: Three neighbouring counties have been chosen for detailed analysis of individual coastal management


refAbstractLine:
schemes, identifying the particular local problems and subsequent management solutions adopted. The case study


refAbstractLine:
locations were; Hengistbury Head (Dorset), Torcross and Hallsands (Devon) and Seaton and Downderry (Cornwall).


refAbstractLine:
Detailed reference is made to sea-level rise and its implications for the coastal zone. Increased frequency of storm


refAbstractLine:
surges and meteorological forcing agents have also been discussed. Analysing the role of both local and central


refAbstractLine:
government has helped put the coastal zone in its present context. Data gathered in the field included 10 beach profiles


refAbstractLine:
of Torcross beach. The conclusion expresses that coastal zone management is more than a response to active sea


refAbstractLine:
erosion and flooding. It demonstrates that the impact of sea level rise is a subsequent threat for the coastal zone and


refAbstractLine:
only a co-ordinated strategy of management is the long term solution.


refAbstractLine:
Additional: Chapter 3 Hengistbury Head, details historical vulnerability and management; implications of sea-level rise


refAbstractLine:
and accelerated storm surge activity, a cost benefit analysis for Hengistbury Head, Bournemouth Borough Council's


refAbstractLine:
protection strategy; colour plates of local geology, geomorphology and management initiatives.


refAbstractLine:
Chapter 4 Torcross and Hallsands, details historical and contemporary vulnerability (illustrated), appraisal of South West


refAbstractLine:
Water's coast protection scheme for Torcross with supported colour plates.


refAbstractLine:
Chapter 6 Profile Analysis, details a resurvey (January 1994) of ten survey points previously undertaken by Slapton Ley


refAbstractLine:
Field Centre in 1882, 1983 and 1986. Sediment analysis was also performed. Discussion and comparison of profile


refAbstractLine:
A brief review and commentary on the scope and objectives of the SMP, emphasising strategic policy for the frontage


refAbstractLine:
Detailed (virtually weekly) observations of town beach revealed height and profile fluctuations. These are placed in a


refAbstractLine:
and is in response to variations in breaker period and swash length. Beach removal is probable. Offshore removal of


refAbstractLine:
shingle must occur, but this has not been investigated.


refAbstractLine:
A summary and partly speculative account of the nature and origin of beaches and accretion forms along the Devon


refAbstractLine:
and Cornish coastline. The overall coastal outline and planform, in relation to prevailing waves is also discussed as are


refAbstractLine:
the principal erosional sources of sediment. Examples of beach level fluctuation are noted and a perceptive account of


refAbstractLine:
barrier beach formation in Start Bay (termed 'bias') is given. The cause of the demise of Hallsands beach is presumed


refAbstractLine:
to be the removal of the finite offshore reserve of shingle that maintained beach equilibrium. The recent erosional history


refAbstractLine:
of Dawlish (named Warren) spit is recounted, suggesting that it is migrating landwards.


refAbstractLine:
The severe easterly storm of 1917 created waves in excess of 5m height that overtopped and destroyed the seawall


refAbstractLine:
built previously following a more than 5m drop of beach levels between 1901 and 1904 (and some further subsequent


refAbstractLine:
loss). This is almost entirely due to the removal of shingle from offshore between 1897 and 1903 (Worth 1904; 1909).


refAbstractLine:
The village of Hallsands was finally destroyed by this storm and virtually abandoned in 1919. The effects have realised


refAbstractLine:
under moderate wave conditions and is dominated by strong tidal flows near the estuary entrance. Sediment sorting is


refAbstractLine:
indicative of diminishing tidal velocities in the offshore direction. Distribution and asymmetry of bedforms is used, in the


refAbstractLine:
combination with spatial pattern of sediment distribution to derive transport pathways ("vectors") wave induced


refAbstractLine:
movement, as well as tidal currents, account for components of the patterns, notably evidence of strong convergence


refAbstractLine:
near the Outer Pole bank. Tidal gyres are of secondary significance in determining sediment movement near Spratt


refAbstractLine:
Sand on the falling tide. Bedforms are the result of sediment availability but patterns revealed by short-term surveys are


refAbstractLine:
also a function of antecedent hydrometeorological conditions.


refAbstractLine:
A brief summary of main results of a one-year deployment of wave/current/suspended sediment meters at two stations,


refAbstractLine:
one at estuary mouth and one other 300m south-east of Teignmouth pier. Wave height were recorded continuously at


refAbstractLine:
offshore station and statistically analysed. Heights >1.5m were exceeded on 10 occasions, >1.0m on 28 occasions.


refAbstractLine:
Offshore current velocities were normally approximately 0.4ms-1(on rising and falling tides), but were over twice that


refAbstractLine:
speed during storms. River discharge was recorded continuously during project period with modest "flood" event


refAbstractLine:
occurring in event month of the year - 3 events exceeded 100 cumecs. During most of the year, discharge does not


refAbstractLine:
exceed 20 cumecs. Flow velocities for all ranges of discharge were calculated, independent of velocities, at high and


refAbstractLine:
The first part of this paper examines variations in the characteristic morphology (gradient; cross-profile gradient;


refAbstractLine:
relationship of upper junction to tidal range) of shore platforms between the 'Isle' of Thanet (Kent) and West Cornwall.


refAbstractLine:
Relations with geological structure and rock lithology are also briefly reviewed. Where there is a multiple series of


refAbstractLine:
platforms, those at higher elevations are likely to be the product of former sea-levels. Some contemporary platforms,


refAbstractLine:
particularly in resistant bedrock, may be developing across erosional surfaces cut by previous Quaternary sea-levels.


refAbstractLine:
The second part examines the wide variety of morphologies characterising shore platforms in North Island, New


refAbstractLine:
Zealand. Comparisons and contrasts between the two areas are highlighted in terms of the balance of operative


refAbstractLine:
processes and possible models of evolution.


refAbstractLine:
Contents include: Physical, Biological and Cultural background and resources, which covers a summary account of


refAbstractLine:
geology and geomorphology and the historical development of the behaviour (inc. its confining spits); Plan elevation


refAbstractLine:
A description of extant proposals for beach management, followed by a prediction of their potential environmental


refAbstractLine:
impacts on recreation; landscape; ecology and conservation; cultural and archaeological heritage; geology and


refAbstractLine:
geomorphology; seaweed deposition; planning and scheme construction.


refAbstractLine:
The beach management plan sets out the intention of the Environment Agency and Arun district Council for the


refAbstractLine:
management of the 2300m frontage at Felpham, West Sussex. Falling foreshore levels and exposure of the toe of the


refAbstractLine:
sea wall threaten the integrity of the existing wall (the primary defence structure). Extensive studies and model testing,


refAbstractLine:
environmental assessment and consultation have been conducted to determine the preferred option for sea defence


refAbstractLine:
and coastal protection for each length of the frontage.


refAbstractLine:
Schemes were developed to protect the toe of the sea wall thereby preventing breach and protecting the hinterland


refAbstractLine:
from flood and erosion. The preferred scheme option identified for both frontages were beach management schemes


refAbstractLine:
(long term strategic plans). Each scheme therefore includes ongoing beach management works (monitoring and


refAbstractLine:
maintenance) as well as the initial capital works. The scheme on the ADC frontage also includes capital expenditure


refAbstractLine:
in the medium term (twenty to thirty years). These works include the construction of a wave return wall at the rear of the


refAbstractLine:
public footpath and enhance beach management structures (extended and re-aligned groynes).


refAbstractLine:
Details of monitoring and maintenance (action levels, frequency of recycling and beach access) are identified in this


refAbstractLine:
this report has been compiled with reference to the MAFF 'Flood and Coastal Defence Project Appraisal Guidance


refAbstractLine:
Notes'. This report describes the proposals to carry out Coast protection Works along the Felpham frontage near


refAbstractLine:
recorded in the mid eighteenth century. A brief explanation of causes of cliff erosion is given, including the


refAbstractLine:
Field data on waves and moored ship movements in Shoreham Harbour has been collected and analysed


refAbstractLine:
with a view to the proving of a physical model of the Harbour using a new short crested wave-maker. The


refAbstractLine:
field data from Shoreham confirms that moored ships move horizontally on their moorings at periods greater


refAbstractLine:
than 25 seconds due to long period waves and tat smaller vertical movements occur due to the residual


refAbstractLine:
A 1:100 scale model of Shoreham Harbour was constructed and field measurements of offshore waves


refAbstractLine:
represented using the new short crested wave-maker. In testing of the harbour, good correlation between


refAbstractLine:
model and field measurements of waves inside the harbour, and moored ship movements, was obtained at


refAbstractLine:
ordinary wave periods and at long wave periods within the 70s >T>25s. Comparisons of model and offshore


refAbstractLine:
long wave field data show that a shortfall of up to 30% in the height of very long waves (T>70s) in the


refAbstractLine:
model harbour is due to surf beats not developing fully in the model. As moored ship responses can occur


refAbstractLine:
from about 25s right up to several minutes, depending on the mooring and vessel displacement, any shortfall


refAbstractLine:
in surf beach energy will lead to an underestimate of berth downtime due to ship movements. The situation


refAbstractLine:
can be corrected by the generation of additional long waves in the model but a mathematical surf beat model


refAbstractLine:
would be needed to quantify the spectrum of the additional energy.


refAbstractLine:
1998). The tracers tend to provide high values relative to the models; however, discrepancy ratios were


refAbstractLine:
usually <4 as compared with >10 for impoundment techniques.


refAbstractLine:
The relationship between wave height and sediment mixing depth, identified for the open beach agrees


refAbstractLine:
closely with that of Workman (1997). A similar relationship was found on the engineered beach. On the


refAbstractLine:
basis of the results collected, Price's (1968) tracer dispersion theory is questioned. It is hypothesised that


refAbstractLine:
translation of the breaker zone may have been responsible for some aspects of the observed tracer behaviour.


refAbstractLine:
It is concluded that shingle beach studies undertaken in recent years have not adequately addressed the


refAbstractLine:
concerns relating to tracer theory raised by Crickmore (1976); De Vries (1973) and Madsen (1987; 1989).


refAbstractLine:
As such, the derived longshore transport rates appearing in the literature should be treated with considerable


refAbstractLine:
A conceptual model is presented to demonstrate the use and limitations of the Spatial Integration Method


refAbstractLine:
(SIM). A new 'Fractional SIM equation' is developed, which is capable of yielding more accurate transport


refAbstractLine:
rates than the conventional SIM equation under certain (derived ) circumstances.


refAbstractLine:
Quantifying the total error present in recent tracer-derived measurements of the longshore transport rate of


refAbstractLine:
shingle is, at present, extremely difficult. Values which have appeared in the literature, to date, should be


refAbstractLine:
regarded as no more than 'order of magnitude' extremes. It is important that future research focuses upon


refAbstractLine:
trying to assess and improve the accuracy of tracer studies rather than simply 'apply established procedures'.


refAbstractLine:
With this in mind, a new method has been developed for determining the number of particles it is necessary


refAbstractLine:
to inject to measure tracer velocity with a certain level of accuracy. Also, basic designs are presented for


refAbstractLine:
equipment which should allow the thickness of the moving sediment layer and the plan position of tracers to


refAbstractLine:
be measured in 'real time'. Hence, the Fractional SIM may well be a viable alternative to the SIM in the near


refAbstractLine:
An assessment of the risk to the decking levels and supporting trusses of a (restored) West Pier resulting


refAbstractLine:
from increased wave loading over the next 100 years. This is determined by calculating post (1866-1999)


refAbstractLine:
and predicted (2000-2100) sea-level rise using mean sea level data for Newlyn and Dover; POL data on


refAbstractLine:
Highest Astronomical Tides (HAT) and their return periods, appropriate to 1990; projected sea states and


refAbstractLine:
wave heights, based on theoretical calculations. A "Worst Case" scenario for 2100 is presented, with


refAbstractLine:
recommendations on action by the Trust to accommodate increases in sea-level, maximum wave height and


refAbstractLine:
Detailed account of the excavation of an early Iron Age hill fort, only approximately one half of which now


refAbstractLine:
survives. Although it is difficult to reconstruct the full extent of the original defended settlement, it can be


refAbstractLine:
approximately calculated that cliff top recession over the past 2,500 years has been 0.5-0.3m a-1.


refAbstractLine:
Chapters on the geomorphological character, and historical development of Selsey Bill (and the immediately adjacent


refAbstractLine:
cliffline); The Black Rock interglacial raised beach and fossil cliff line; the mouth of the Ouse at Newhaven; Seaford


refAbstractLine:
Head and Hope Gap; Cuckmere Haven; The Seven Sisters; Beachy Head.


refAbstractLine:
A summary and brief evaluation of the post-nourishment performance of the shingle beach at Seaford, 1,450,000m3 of


refAbstractLine:
shingle were added to the depleted beach between April and October 1987. Subsequently, a crest height of +6.5m OD;


refAbstractLine:
a crest width of 25m and a seaward slope of 1:7 were profiles. Hydraulics research undertook physical and


refAbstractLine:
mathematical modelling previous to renourishment to predict beach behaviour. Monitoring up to 1992 revealed that


refAbstractLine:
these prediction had been largely achieved with longshore transport to the last accumulating 70,000m3 a-1 updrift of


refAbstractLine:
the terminal rock groyne. There was also evidence of net gain of sediment at the western end, thus suggesting a drift


refAbstractLine:
divide along the central sector. The central beach actually lost  material, but this was compensated by recycling from


refAbstractLine:
the western end, giving a small net gain of 5,000m3 a-1 for the beach system, as a whole, 1987-1992.


refAbstractLine:
A detailed account of the structure and artefacts of the excavated site, sited on estuarine and fluvial alluvium of former


refAbstractLine:
Ouse estuary re-entrant. A buried channel of the Ouse was determined at a maximum depth of -25.87m. The site was


refAbstractLine:
reclaimed, almost certainly for the first time, during the sixteenth century.


refAbstractLine:
Details of late glacial and Holocene sediment stratigraphy for the surrounding area are synthesised from published


refAbstractLine:
A discussion and proposal for future coastal protection works based on two strategies (a) for beaches with significant


refAbstractLine:
existing volumes of shingle (b) for areas with low shingle volumes but adequate shoreline platform levels. This is


refAbstractLine:
informed by beach sediment sampling; an assessment of chalk shoreline platform stability; calculation of offshore wave


refAbstractLine:
climate for Shoreham (Port) and Seaford Bay; estimation of inshore wave climate, extreme water levels and longshore


refAbstractLine:
transport rates; and analysis of AB MS beach survey data, 1973-1979.


refAbstractLine:
The anticipated implications of climate change and sea level rise present a significant challenge to future coastal


refAbstractLine:
management to address increased levels of risk to many coastal assets. This paper describes the first stage of the study,


refAbstractLine:
commissioned by SCOPAC, to inform coastal managers, along the central south coast of England, of the likely impacts


refAbstractLine:
and their implications for future management.


refAbstractLine:
The paper considers the impact of changes in sea level, nearshore wave climates and effective rainfall as predicted in


refAbstractLine:
published climate change scenarios. These are applied to the Geomorphological characteristics of this length of coast


refAbstractLine:
and examples are provided of the possible impacts on coastal behaviour and potential for coastal change.


refAbstractLine:
The final output from this first stage of the study will form a series of generic coastal impacts of climate change based on


refAbstractLine:
the Coastal Behaviour System types identified in the SCOPAC region. These will be developed for example sites to


refAbstractLine:
define the exact nature of potential climate change impacts and will provide input to the second stage of the study.


refAbstractLine:
Recommendations for shoreline management plans and coastal strategy studies have consistently identified a


refAbstractLine:
requirement for development of coastal monitoring programmes. The current approach to coastal monitoring is generally


refAbstractLine:
adhoc, both within individual Coastal Groups and on a wider regional basis; it is recognised that some extremely good


refAbstractLine:
local monitoring programmes are in place, however. Although there are a few existing regional monitoring initiatives,


refAbstractLine:
these need to be co-ordinated and integrated within a cohesive regional framework, to maximise use of data and to


refAbstractLine:
This paper summaries the principle findings of a scoping study based upon current practise within the Southeast of


refAbstractLine:
England, to discuss proposals for an integrated regional approach to coastal monitoring; it also indicated how Coastal


refAbstractLine:
groups are taking the proposals forward.


refAbstractLine:
The sandy beaches of Exmouth form part of a much larger sediment system which experiences continuous accretion


refAbstractLine:
and erosion, the Exmouth foreshore has remained largely stable although recently beach levels have fallen between


refAbstractLine:
Beach Gardens and the Lifeboat Station. This report assesses the relevant coastal processes and analyses recorded


refAbstractLine:
changes. Problem areas are identified at Harbour View Café and the Abode of Lovers, Lower Promenade. Works


refAbstractLine:
necessary to maintain the integrity of these structures are reviewed and costed.


refAbstractLine:
Orcombe Beach, at the eastern limit of the Exmouth frontage, is backed by a seawall which has been extensively


refAbstractLine:
patched and pointed where damage has occurred. Beach levels adjacent to the seawall are insufficient to enable


refAbstractLine:
foreshore access at high tide. Works comprising some modest groyne heightening and a Purbeck stone/


refAbstractLine:
reinforcement concrete seawall encasement are therefore proposed.


refAbstractLine:
A review of the geomorphological context of the major adjacent features is indicated, including the estuary mouth;


refAbstractLine:
outer estuary approach channels and sandbanks; and Dawlish Warren.


refAbstractLine:
Copy held at Slapton Ley Field Studies Centre.


refAbstractLine:
The Standing Conference on Problems Associated with the Coastline (SCOPAC) was formed in 1985 following the


refAbstractLine:
realisation of a need to establish a framework to ensure appropriate co-ordination between coastal authorities during


refAbstractLine:
the design and implementation of coast protection and sea defence schemes. The Sediment Inputs Research Project


refAbstractLine:
has been formulated and commissioned by SCOPAC to gain an understanding of the sediment inputs into coastal cells


refAbstractLine:
between Beachy Head in Sussex and Dawlish Warren in Devon.


refAbstractLine:
The primary aims of the Research project are; to develop a methodology for describing and to provide an assessment


refAbstractLine:
(i.e. identify and categorise the importance) of, the sediment inputs into the coastal system from fluvial sources, cliff


refAbstractLine:
In order to achieve the primary aims in a logical manner, the Research project has been divided into three manageable


refAbstractLine:
phases with intent to identify and quantify (where possible) the potential input of sediment from the following sources:


refAbstractLine:
Erosion of Coastal Platforms and long-term Sedimentary Deposits


refAbstractLine:
This document reviews the above phases in order to provide an accessible summary of the work done. In the course of


refAbstractLine:
producing this volume the reports and their findings for each phase were considered. The sediment inputs into each


refAbstractLine:
sub-cell, together with an estimation of their usefulness in the future.


refAbstractLine:
the level of confidence in the quantitative and qualitative assessments of sediment inputs vary between the three


refAbstractLine:
phases, and figures have been rounded to accommodate these differences. While the results are approximations,


refAbstractLine:
they do represent indications of the available sediment inputs.


refAbstractLine:
The study indicates that SCOPAC area provides a total of approximately 3,170,00m3/year sediment inputs to coastal


refAbstractLine:
system. Of this total, approximately 3,120,000m3/year is fine material and around 56,000 m3/year (approx 2%) is coarse


refAbstractLine:
Typical beach replenishment programmes may use many times more coarse sediment than that available naturally along


refAbstractLine:
the study frontage, and could form beaches in a matter of months. Examined in the context of such schemes, the


refAbstractLine:
natural coarse sediment inputs might seem to be small but should be viewed in the long-term.


refAbstractLine:
The significance of the fine sediments is unclear. Silt, clay and sand provide valuable sources of material to generate


refAbstractLine:
saltmarshes and intertidal mudflats, which in themselves provide a form of wave attenuation and therefore constitute a


refAbstractLine:
coastal defence. However, an accurate determination of the relative quantities associated with these fine sediments is


refAbstractLine:
The summary report contains a considerable volume of material that, if used in conjunction with the development of


refAbstractLine:
Shoreline Management Plans and Coastal Zone Management Plans, may influence the decision-making process with


refAbstractLine:
regard to forming an assessment of the most appropriate and sustainable strategic defence options for particular lengths


refAbstractLine:
To verify the estimates of sediment inputs from fluvial, cliff and offshore sources, it is recommended that various


refAbstractLine:
monitoring and research initiatives be continued or implemented, including: establishing gauging stations, monitoring


refAbstractLine:
erosion rates, monitoring shoreface morphology, undertaking sedimentological mapping and bulk sediment


refAbstractLine:
farthest, and best correlation's tended to be with the short axis. At Slapton, however, different sediment parameters


refAbstractLine:
appeared significant at various times. Where linear parameters were relevant correlation's were again best with the short


refAbstractLine:
axis, but smaller material travelled farthest. This may reflect different wave regime, a less efficient sediment rejection


refAbstractLine:
mechanism, finer grades of sediment or better adjustment of tracer to indigenous background material at Slapton.


refAbstractLine:
There was a marked degree of selectivity at both sides between material recovered along a particular zone of the


refAbstractLine:
beach as compared with the overall recovery on the same day, and between the overall recovery for a particular day as


refAbstractLine:
compared with the originally injected tracer. Attempts have been made to correlate wave data from f.m. pressure


refAbstractLine:
recorders with longshore transport to the coarse grades of sediment in the inter-tidal zone. While at Chesil wave


refAbstractLine:
direction, frequency and height were all important there were no obvious relationships at Slapton. The results have


refAbstractLine:
relevance in respect of beach stability and in the conclusions drawn from tracer studies using coarse grades of


refAbstractLine:
A chronology of landsliding is presented, including suggestions as to a date for initiation. Periods of activity known from


refAbstractLine:
historical sources are correlated with known periods of climatic deterioration. The current morphology of the landslide


refAbstractLine:
slopes is closely related to the geological succession and structure. These permit the landslides and their development


refAbstractLine:
to be differentiated on the basis of whole slope and toe morphology, and much of the whole-slope activity can be


refAbstractLine:
related to conditions at the toe. Examples of geomorphological maps, slope categories maps, and cross sections are


refAbstractLine:
presented along with an example of the 'evolutionary' maps which may be derived from OS plans and aerial


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photographs. These generally indicate that weakening of materials by weathering, seepage erosion at the toe, and


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marine erosion result in frequent mass movement events of a low magnitude. These events ultimately influence the


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stability of larger slipped blocks behind, which fail less frequently. It is suggested that whole-slope failures in this region


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have a maximum frequency of once in 120 to 150 years, and that problems of interpretation of historical accounts may


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mean that it is very much less frequent than this.


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From historical evidence and a knowledge of the sub-surface structure determined by seismic refraction survey, a


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sequence of events in building Dawlish Warren is postulated. This suggests that the position of the modern channel of


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the Exe Estuary, at its mouth, is the most stable that can be achieved. However, there is a possibly imminent threat of


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this channel breaking through the Warren, and thus disrupting this stability.


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consists of four large blocks of Chalk and Chert Beds (Upper greensand). They exhibit progressive amounts of


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backward rotation, forward translation and vertical subsidence. Forward movement of these blocks is thought to have


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occurred by basal sliding on the sub-Cretaceous unconformity, between the Gault and Shales-with-Beef (Lower Lias).


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During this sliding, liquefaction of thick, fine sand of the Foxmould (Upper Greensand) beneath the blocks of Chalk


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and Chert Beds, allowed them to subside and rotate. The front two blocks appear to have come down to the level of the


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unconformity, thus protecting the Foxmould behind from further seepage erosion and allowing its groundwater to filter


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through. The spring source issues from the toe of the front block. Although the upper cliff seems to have stabilised itself


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a long time ago, further movement of these large blocks could occur eventually and be sufficient to divert the path of


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the groundwater or to jeopardise the pumping facility.


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Five geological itineraries, planned to provide a reasonably complete coverage of the principal features of the rock


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stratigraphy and geological structure. The first two, extending from Branscombe to Lyme Regis, also not features of


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slope instability and the effects of landslipping on foreshore exposures.


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Narratives and geological explanations of the major landslips between Seaton and Lyme Regis, especially the Bindon /


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Downlands failure of 1839. A summary of the principal morphological properties of the contemporary (1937-39) coastal


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landslip is given, concluding with an attempt at a systematic explanation of their cause. The stratigraphic and


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lithological succession in relation to sea-level is critical, but structure and dip factors are also important. Mechanism


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properties of the different rocks ultimately regulate the scale and timing of slope failure.


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reprinted in: Steers, J.A. (ed.) (1971) Applied Coastal Geomorphology. Macmillan, Basingstoke.


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With an Appendix titled: The Plane of Landslipping on the Coast of South-East Devon. pp153-154


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A narrative of changes in the planform of Dawlish Warren based on qualitative analysis of maps, charts and other plans.


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There is some discussion of possible relationships between periods of accretion and erosion and apparent changes in


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offshore banks and the principal channels at the entrance to the Exe estuary.


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Dawlish Warren is a Sand Spit that extends across the mouth of the Exe Estuary in Devon. In the past the Warren was


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a double Spit, but the Outer Warren has been eroded and the Warren is now a single sand spit. The trend of erosion of


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Dawlish Warren has threatened its future existence, but extensive sea defence works and a study of the area in the


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1970s became a turning point in this trend. Levelling of transects across the dunes showed a fairly constant height of


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dunes along the Spit and that the extent of the dune system is limited by space. Dawlish Warren is a very managed


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area with hard and soft sea defences and other protective measures such as fencing around sensitive dune areas.


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Dawlish Warren is now a much more stable landform and is not likely to be eroded away, however this is mainly due to


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the management and so it is no longer a completely natural environment.


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Tidal data from a water level recorder in the Exe estuary was collated together with river and sea port records, for a


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period of approximately 14 months. The observed estuarine tide was severely distorted by both shallow effects and


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Existing harmonic prediction methods were shown to be incapable of adequately modelling the observations near the


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tidal limit in the estuary. A novel method has been developed which permits the tide at nearby sea port to be mapped to


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the estuarine port by means of an empirical transformation. The transformation defined is a function of stage at an up


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Synthetic tidal predictions based on the new method were generated for 8 constant fresh water flows and subjected to


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conventional harmonic analysis. A two step prediction model was implemented that employed existing prediction


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techniques but based on a series of variable harmonic constituents which are a function of fresh water flow.


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The merits of different transformations are discussed and quantified.


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Salt marsh area and species composition and distribution for each estuary on the north and south Devon coast.


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Rare species and existing regional and national conservation status are given.


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Description and classification by zonation of the estuarine vegetation of the Exe estuary from its mouth upstream to


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Countess Weir. Vegetation is classified into Angiosperm and Alga communities and further subdivided according to


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position within the estuary and water salinity. Community "preferences" are analysed according to relative substrate


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mobility and salinity gradients within the entire estuary; soil salinity and hydrogen ion concentration. Diurnal fluctuations


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of salt content are plotted for various locations, low values normally prevail at low tide. Water pH in midstream is


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unrelated to salinity, but such a correlation does exist for water samples from estuary margins and intertidal soil solutions.


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Channel constrictions hinder upstream penetration of salt water and have a major influence on plant zonation. This paper


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concludes with brief comparisons of the Exe with the Teign and other estuaries with regard to salinity values and


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Degraded Cretaceous debris is sliding and slowing to the beach over a surface eroded through Blue Lias. Its


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Statistical analysis of a one year sample of beach metaquartzite clasts showed that only roundness is normally distributed.


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Generally, clast size and shape parameters grade along the whole beach, but it is possible for clast size grading to


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occur in each direction away from feeder sources. Mean axial ratios are more variable than for the metaquartzite clast


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population of Chesil Beach. This suggests that the more spherical forms (underrepresented at Chesil) are either less mobile,


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less durable or flattened by abrasion. Possibly the Chesil population was not derived from the Budleigh area.


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Description and interpretation of sediment sequence from a shallow core in north-east Slapton Ley. Organic and


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minerogenic sediments underlie  lacustrine muds, suggesting former shallow water estuarine conditions that may


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pre-date the enclosure of Slapton Ley lagoon.


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Detail changes in cliff morphology, 1975-1977 are described and assessed in terms of the local soil/groundwater


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regime; the incidence of easterly winds and waves and the tidal regime. Earlier estimates (Derbyshire, et al. 1975) of


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precipitation inputs, necessary to trigger slope failure and other types of mass movement are shown to have been


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conservative. Instability-inducing conditions are identified for three specific periods and it is concluded that the length


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of a rainfall event may be more significant than its magnitude (total precipitation received per unit time) in initiating mass


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movement at a critical threshold condition.


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Seismic refraction surveys of the buried channels of the Exe, near Exmouth, indicate a period of early channelling into


